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A black operation or "black ops" is a covert or clandestine operation by a government agency, a military unit or a paramilitary organization in which the operation itself is at least partially hidden from the organization or government's own scrutiny.
These included Maritime Operations (OPS-31), which continued harassment raids and support for psychological operations (via kidnapped fishermen); Airborne Operations (OPS-34), which continued to insert agent teams and supplies into the north; Psychological Operations (OPS-33), which continued its "black" radio broadcasts, leaflet and gift kit ...
The military did theater-level white propaganda, although the black propaganda function varied, often carried out by joint U.S.-UK organizations. For the first time in U.S. history, American psywarriors employed electronic psywar in the field, in September 1944.
National governments deal in both intelligence and military special operations functions that either should be completely secret (i.e., clandestine: the existence of which is not known outside the relevant government circles), or simply cannot be linked to the sponsor (i.e., covert: it is known that sabotage is taking place, but its sponsor is unknown).
Psychological warfare (PSYWAR), or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations (PsyOp), has been known by many other names or terms, including Military Information Support Operations (), Psy Ops, political warfare, "Hearts and Minds", and propaganda.
The "black ops" perpetrated by Operation 40 were intent on destabilizing the Cuban Revolutionary Government. For example, on 4 March 1960, a ship flying a Belgian flag exploded in Havana Bay: "It was loaded with arms and ammunition destined for the defense of the revolution.
The Special Group (SG) is the black ops unit of Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), the foreign intelligence agency of India. It is responsible for covert and paramilitary operations and is known as 4 Vikas, 22 SF and 22 SG.
Many of the Black Loyalists performed military service in the British Army, particularly as part of the only Black regiment of the war, the Black Pioneers, and others served non-military roles. In response, and because of manpower shortages, Washington lifted the ban on black enlistment in the Continental Army in January 1776.