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A linguistic universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them. For example, All languages have nouns and verbs , or If a language is spoken, it has consonants and vowels .
The American linguist Joseph Greenberg (1915–2001) proposed a set of linguistic universals based primarily on a set of 30 languages. The following list is verbatim from the list printed in the appendix of Greenberg's Universals of Language [1] and "Universals Restated", [2] [3] sorted by context.
Universal grammar (UG), in modern linguistics, is the theory of the innate biological component of the language faculty, usually credited to Noam Chomsky. The basic postulate of UG is that there are innate constraints on what the grammar of a possible human language could be.
A sentence is a formula in which each occurrence of a variable is in the scope of a corresponding quantifier. Examples for formulas are φ {\displaystyle \varphi } (or φ ( x ) {\displaystyle \varphi (x)} to indicate x {\displaystyle x} is the unbound variable in φ {\displaystyle \varphi } ) and ψ {\displaystyle \psi } (or ψ ( x ...
In logic, a quantifier is an operator that specifies how many individuals in the domain of discourse satisfy an open formula.For instance, the universal quantifier in the first order formula () expresses that everything in the domain satisfies the property denoted by .
In mathematical logic, a universal quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "given any", "for all", or "for any". It expresses that a predicate can be satisfied by every member of a domain of discourse .
Applicative universal grammar, or AUG, is a universal semantic metalanguage intended for studying the semantic processes in particular languages. [1] This is a linguistic theory that views the formation of phrase structure by analogy to function application in an applicative programming language .
In predicate logic, generalization (also universal generalization, universal introduction, [1] [2] [3] GEN, UG) is a valid inference rule. It states that if ...