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  2. Partition (database) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_(database)

    They take a partitioning key and assign a partition based on certain criteria. Some common criteria include: Range partitioning: selects a partition by determining if the partitioning key is within a certain range. An example could be a partition for all rows where the "zipcode" column has a value between 70000 and 79999. It distributes tuples ...

  3. Shard (database architecture) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shard_(database_architecture)

    Horizontal partitioning splits one or more tables by row, usually within a single instance of a schema and a database server. It may offer an advantage by reducing index size (and thus search effort) provided that there is some obvious, robust, implicit way to identify in which partition a particular row will be found, without first needing to search the index, e.g., the classic example of the ...

  4. CAP theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAP_theorem

    The PACELC theorem, introduced in 2010, [8] builds on CAP by stating that even in the absence of partitioning, there is another trade-off between latency and consistency. PACELC means, if partition (P) happens, the trade-off is between availability (A) and consistency (C); Else (E), the trade-off is between latency (L) and consistency (C).

  5. Window function (SQL) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_function_(SQL)

    In SQL, a window function or analytic function [1] is a function which uses values from one or multiple rows to return a value for each row. (This contrasts with an aggregate function, which returns a single value for multiple rows.) Window functions have an OVER clause; any function without an OVER clause is not a window function, but rather ...

  6. Distributed SQL - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_SQL

    A distributed SQL database is a single relational database which replicates data across multiple servers. Distributed SQL databases are strongly consistent and most support consistency across racks, data centers, and wide area networks including cloud availability zones and cloud geographic zones .

  7. PACELC theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PACELC_theorem

    The tradeoff between availability, consistency and latency, as described by the PACELC theorem. In database theory, the PACELC theorem is an extension to the CAP theorem.It states that in case of network partitioning (P) in a distributed computer system, one has to choose between availability (A) and consistency (C) (as per the CAP theorem), but else (E), even when the system is running ...

  8. Query by Example - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_by_Example

    Query by Example (QBE) is a database query language for relational databases. It was devised by Moshé M. Zloof at IBM Research during the mid-1970s, in parallel to the development of SQL . [ 1 ] It is the first graphical query language, using visual tables where the user would enter commands, example elements and conditions.

  9. Trino (SQL query engine) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trino_(SQL_query_engine)

    Trino is an open-source distributed SQL query engine designed to query large data sets distributed over one or more heterogeneous data sources. [1] Trino can query data lakes that contain open column-oriented data file formats like ORC or Parquet [2] [3] residing on different storage systems like HDFS, AWS S3, Google Cloud Storage, or Azure Blob Storage [4] using the Hive [2] and Iceberg [3 ...

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