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Used in aviation charts. 1805 Albers conic: Conic Equal-area Heinrich C. Albers: Two standard parallels with low distortion between them. c. 1500: Werner: Pseudoconical Equal-area, equidistant Johannes Stabius: Parallels are equally spaced concentric circular arcs.
Research indicates that soil movement commences when wind speeds surpass a critical threshold and the rate of erosion aligns with the cube of the friction velocity. Friction velocity, denoted as U ∗ {\textstyle U_{*}} , is a meteorological term for wind speed at the Earth's surface and can be quantified using the equation:
The stereographic projection, also known as the planisphere projection or the azimuthal conformal projection, is a conformal map projection whose use dates back to antiquity. Like the orthographic projection and gnomonic projection , the stereographic projection is an azimuthal projection , and when on a sphere, also a perspective projection .
Coordinate charts are mathematical objects of topological manifolds, and they have multiple applications in theoretical and applied mathematics. When a differentiable structure and a metric are defined, greater structure exists, and this allows the definition of constructs such as integration and geodesics .
The upper curve shows the critical erosion velocity in cm/s as a function of particle size in mm, while the lower curve shows the deposition velocity as a function of particle size. Note that the axes are logarithmic. The plot shows several key concepts about the relationships between erosion, transportation, and deposition.
Tree, shrubs and ground-cover are effective perimeter treatment for soil erosion prevention, by impeding surface flows. A special form of this perimeter or inter-row treatment is the use of a "grass way" that both channels and dissipates runoff through surface friction, impeding surface runoff and encouraging infiltration of the slowed surface ...
Most sun charts plot azimuth versus altitude throughout the days of the winter solstice and summer solstice, as well as a number of intervening days.Since the apparent movement of the Sun as viewed from Earth is nearly symmetrical about the solstice, plotting dates for one half of the year gives a good approximation for the rest of the year.
A contour chart of scale factors of GS50 projection Maps reflecting directions, such as a nautical chart or an aeronautical chart , are projected by conformal projections. Maps treating values whose gradients are important, such as a weather map with atmospheric pressure , are also projected by conformal projections.