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Having lower levels of lutein and zeaxanthin within the macula may be associated with an increase in the risk of age-related macular degeneration. [105] Lutein and zeaxanthin act as antioxidants that protect the retina and macula from oxidative damage from high-energy light waves. [ 106 ]
AMD is an oxidative stress, retinal disease that affects the macula, causing progressive loss of central vision. [ 37 ] β-carotene content is confirmed in human retinal pigment epithelium. [ 16 ] Reviews reported mixed results for observational studies, with some reporting that diets higher in β-carotene correlated with a decreased risk of ...
The specific vitamins and minerals in AREDS-1 are vitamin C (500 mg), zinc (80 mg), vitamin E (400 IU), copper (2 mg) and beta-carotene (15 mg). In the AREDS-2 formulation, lutein (10 mg) and zeaxanthin (2 mg) replaced beta-carotene due to the risk of lung cancer in smokers taking beta-carotene. [ 2 ]
Common side effects may include cataracts, bone loss, easy bruising, muscle weakness, and thrush. [3] Other side effects include weight gain, swelling, high blood sugar, increased risk of infection, and psychosis. [4] [3] It is generally considered safe in pregnancy and low doses appear to be safe while the user is breastfeeding. [5]
A reference value above which visual acuity is considered normal is called 6/6 vision, the USC equivalent of which is 20/20 vision: At 6 metres or 20 feet, a human eye with that performance is able to separate contours that are approximately 1.75 mm apart. [9] Vision of 6/12 corresponds to lower performance, while vision of 6/3 to better ...
A Snellen chart is an eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity.Snellen charts are named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen who developed the chart in 1862 as a measurement tool for the acuity formula developed by his professor Franciscus Cornelius Donders.
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