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Dictyocaulus viviparus found in the bronchi of a calf during necropsy (arrow). Parasitic bronchitis, also known as hoose, husk, or verminous bronchitis, [1] is a disease of sheep, cattle, goats, [2] and swine caused by the presence of various species of parasite, commonly known as lungworms, [3] in the bronchial tubes or in the lungs.
Introductions come from either domestic sheep and goats (which harbour M. ovipneumoniae with limited morbidity), or through contact with other infected bighorn sheep which survived initial infection events to become long-term chronic carriers. Transmission comes from animal secretions or respiratory droplets. [1]
It is extremely contagious with very high morbidity and mortality rates, causing an interstitial fibrinous pleuropneumonia in infected goats. Infection is spread by close-contact aerosol, therefore overcrowding and confinement increases disease incidence. Stress factors such as malnutrition and long transport can also predispose animals to disease.
However, goats may present with coughing, pneumonia, weight loss, reduced weight gains, and lethargy. [6] More serious infections seldom occur, because ruminants must ingest a large amount of snails or slugs for severe infections to occur, but serious infections result in bronchopneumonia and eventually death of the animal.
Sheep and goats are both small ruminants with cosmopolitan distributions due to their being kept historically and in modern times as grazers both individually and in herds in return for their production of milk, wool, and meat. [1] As such, the diseases of these animals are of great economic importance to humans.
The organism is commonly found in dry and dusty soil and can be important for diseases of domesticated animals (horses and goats). The frequency of infection can reach near 60%. [1] R. equi is an important pathogen causing pneumonia in foals. Since 2008, R. equi has been known to infect wild boar and domestic pigs. [2]
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Symptoms are similar to those of rinderpest in cattle and involves oral necrosis, mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharges, cough, pneumonia, and diarrhea, [11] though they vary according to the previous immune status of the sheep, the geographic location, the time of year, or if the infection is new or chronic. They also vary according to the ...