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  2. Biofilm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm

    Along with bacteria, biofilms are often initiated and produced by eukaryotic microbes. The biofilms produced by eukaryotes is usually occupied by bacteria and other eukaryotes alike, however the surface is cultivated and EPS is secreted initially by the eukaryote. [92] [93] [160] Both fungi and microalgae are known to form biofilms in such a ...

  3. Extracellular polymeric substance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_polymeric...

    Microalgal biofilms consist of 90% EPS and 10% algal cells. Algal EPS has similar components to the bacterial one; it is made up of proteins, phospholipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, humic substances, uronic acids and some functional groups, such as phosphoric, carboxylic, hydroxyl and amino groups.

  4. Bacteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

    The study of bacteria is known as ... Biofilms. Bacteria often attach to surfaces and form dense ... The bacterial flagellum is made of about 20 proteins, ...

  5. Type VIII secretion system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_VIII_Secretion_System

    They are made mostly by gram-negative bacteria and, upon secretion, they form compact clusters around the outside of the cell. [2] The main function of the curli fibers involves their interactions with biofilms. In pathogenic bacteria, curlis can contribute to virulence by helping in cell invasion and activating the innate immune response.

  6. Dental plaque - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_plaque

    Subgingival biofilm is plaque that is located under the gums. It occurs after the formation of the supragingival biofilm by a downward growth of the bacteria from above the gums to below. This plaque is mostly made up of anaerobic bacteria, meaning that these bacteria will only survive if there is no oxygen.

  7. Biofilm prevention - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm_prevention

    Biofilms form as a way of survival for bacteria in aqueous situations. Ozone targets extracellular polysaccharides, a group of bacterial colonies on a surface, and cleaves them. The ozone cuts through the skeleton of the biofilm at a rapid pace thus dissolving it back to harmless microscopic fragments.

  8. Phototrophic biofilm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototrophic_biofilm

    Phototrophs such as cyanobacteria and green algae occupy the exposed layer of the biofilm while lower layers consist of anaerobic phototrophs and heterotrophs like bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. [1] Eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria in the outer portion use light energy to reduce carbon dioxide, providing organic substrates and oxygen .

  9. Slime layer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slime_layer

    Rather, a biofilm is made up of an array of microorganisms that come together to form a cohesive biofilm. [7] Although, there are homogeneous biofilms that can form. For example, the plaque that forms on the surfaces of teeth is caused by a biofilm formation of primarily Streptococcus mutans and the slow breakdown of tooth enamel. [8] [9]

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