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Examples of graded potentials. Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary according to the size of the stimulus, as opposed to being all-or-none.They include diverse potentials such as receptor potentials, electrotonic potentials, subthreshold membrane potential oscillations, slow-wave potential, pacemaker potentials, and synaptic potentials.
The simplest definition for a potential gradient F in one dimension is the following: [1] = = where ϕ(x) is some type of scalar potential and x is displacement (not distance) in the x direction, the subscripts label two different positions x 1, x 2, and potentials at those points, ϕ 1 = ϕ(x 1), ϕ 2 = ϕ(x 2).
Depolarization, a deviation from a neuron's resting membrane potential towards its threshold potential, increases the likelihood of an action potential and normally occurs with the influx of positively charged sodium (Na +) ions into the postsynaptic cell through ion channels activated by neurotransmitter binding.
Catastrophe theory studies dynamical systems that describe the evolution [5] of a state variable over time : ˙ = = (,) In the above equation, is referred to as the potential function, and is often a vector or a scalar which parameterise the potential function.
Action potential generation is proportionate to the probability and pattern of neurotransmitter release, and to postsynaptic receptor sensitization. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Spatial summation means that the effects of impulses received at different places on the neuron add up, so that the neuron may fire when such impulses are received ...
For example, the motion of building is the energeia of the dunamis of the building materials as building materials as opposed to anything else they might become, and this potential in the unbuilt materials is referred to by Aristotle as "the buildable". So the motion of building is the actualization of "the buildable" and not the actualization ...
The copy containers would then either have plain tap water or sugar water. Measurements of generalization gradients were separated by both distance and direction according to Shepard’s law. Cheng found that “generalization gradients in both series were fitted by exponential functions, supporting Shepard’s law”. [5]
The controlling effects of stimuli are seen in quite diverse situations and in many aspects of behavior. For example, a stimulus presented at one time may control responses emitted immediately or at a later time; two stimuli may control the same behavior; a single stimulus may trigger behavior A at one time and behavior B at another; a stimulus may control behavior only in the presence of ...