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Pyramidal cells, or pyramidal neurons, are a type of multipolar neuron found in areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. Pyramidal cells are the primary excitation units of the mammalian prefrontal cortex and the corticospinal tract .
These perisomatic (around the cell body) and basal dendrites project into all cortical layers, but most of their horizontal branches/arbors populate layers V and VI, some reaching down into the white matter. [5] According to one study, Betz cells represent about 10% of the total pyramidal cell population in layer Vb of the human primary motor ...
It is the tract of the mossy fiber projections, both inhibitory and excitatory from the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. One mossy fiber may make up to 37 connections to a single pyramidal cell, and innervate around 12 pyramidal cells on top of that. Any given pyramidal cell in the stratum lucidum may get input from as many as 50 granule cells.
There is also a distinct pathway from layer 3 of the EC directly to CA1, often referred to as the temporoammonic or TA-CA1 pathway. Granule cells of the DG send their axons (called "mossy fibers") to CA3. Pyramidal cells of CA3 send their axons to CA1. Pyramidal cells of CA1 send their axons to the subiculum and deep layers of the EC.
The pyramidal cells in CA3 have a unique type of dendritic spine called a thorny excrescence or thorn, only found in CA3 pyramidal cells and hilar mossy cells. The thorn has a thin single spine with a number of heads. Clusters of thorns sit on a dendrite on a broad stem.
DAB1 is a regulator protein downstream of the reelin receptors. This protein is located inside cells residing in the ventricular zone, displaying highest concentrations in migrating pyramidal cells. When either reelin or DAB1 are inactivated in mice, the resulting phenotypes are the same. In this case, the neurons are unable to migrate properly ...
A human neocortical pyramidal cell that has been stained using Golgi's method. The cell is named after its characteristic triangular-shaped soma. Since there is a broad range of functions performed by different types of neurons in diverse parts of the nervous system, there is a wide variety in the size, shape, and electrochemical properties of ...
Schaffer collaterals are axon collaterals given off by CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus.These collaterals project to area CA1 of the hippocampus [1] and are an integral part of memory formation and the emotional network of the Papez circuit, and of the hippocampal trisynaptic loop.