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Human presence in outer space began with the first launches of artificial object in the mid 20th century, and has increased to the point where Earth is orbited by a vast number of artificial objects and the far reaches of the Solar System have been visited and explored by a range of space probes.
Research to date into human psychological and sociological effects based on on-orbit near-Earth experiences may have limited generalizability to a long-distance, multi-year space expedition, such as a mission to a near-Earth asteroid (which currently is being considered by NASA) or to Mars. In the case of Mars, new stressors will be introduced ...
Hinghofer-Szalkay organized the 3rd European Symposium on Life Sciences Research in Space 1987 in Graz and a Space Life Sciences Symposiums in Vienna 1992. He was Principal Investigator of an Austro-Russian experiment on MIR space station (Bodyfluids, 1991) and a consecutive experiment within the frame of the RLF program (current world record ...
Human spaceflight – mission analysis and design. McGraw-Hill, New York NY 2003, ISBN 0-07-236811-X. Pyle, Rod. Space 2.0: How Private Spaceflight, a Resurgent NASA, and International Partners are Creating a New Space Age (2019), overview of space exploration excerpt; Spencer, Brett.
The Space Foundation annually presents five major awards. at its Space Symposium: The General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award; John L. "Jack" Swigert, Jr., Award for Space Exploration; Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award; the Space Achievement Award; and the Alan Shepard Technology in Education Award - in partnership with the Astronauts Memorial Foundation (AMF) and NASA.
The Spacefacts list includes most flights listed here, but omits twelve: The three failed launches of STS-51-L, Soyuz T-10a and Soyuz MS-10, none of which achieved human spaceflight, the uncrewed launch of Soyuz 34 (which nevertheless returned a crew to Earth), and the eight sub-orbital human spaceflights: Mercury-Redstone 3 and 4, X-15 flights ...
The first space rendezvous was accomplished by Gemini 6A and Gemini 7 in 1965. Records and firsts in spaceflight are broadly divided into crewed and uncrewed categories. Records involving animal spaceflight have also been noted in earlier experimental flights, typically to establish the feasibility of sending humans to outer space.
Until the 21st century, human spaceflight programs were sponsored exclusively by governments, through either the military or civilian space agencies. With the launch of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of human spaceflight programs – commercial human spaceflight – arrived. By the end of 2022, three countries (Soviet ...