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Example of a Key Derivation Function chain as used in the Signal Protocol.The output of one KDF function is the input to the next KDF function in the chain. In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is a cryptographic algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudorandom function (which typically uses a ...
Authenticated Encryption (AE) is an encryption scheme which simultaneously assures the data confidentiality (also known as privacy: the encrypted message is impossible to understand without the knowledge of a secret key [1]) and authenticity (in other words, it is unforgeable: [2] the encrypted message includes an authentication tag that the sender can calculate only while possessing the ...
Informally, a message authentication code system consists of three algorithms: A key generation algorithm selects a key from the key space uniformly at random. A MAC generation algorithm efficiently returns a tag given the key and the message. A verifying algorithm efficiently verifies the authenticity of the message given the same key and the tag.
There are various algorithms used now-a-days to prevent such attacks. The most common among the algorithms are Diffie–Hellman key exchange, authentication using Key distribution center, kerberos and Needham–Schroeder protocol. Other methods that can be used include Password-authenticated key agreement protocols etc. [1]
A key encapsulation mechanism, to securely transport a secret key from a sender to a receiver, consists of three algorithms: Gen, Encap, and Decap. Circles shaded blue—the receiver's public key and the encapsulation —can be safely revealed to an adversary, while boxes shaded red—the receiver's private key and the encapsulated secret key —must be kept secret.
The sponge construction for hash functions. P i are blocks of the input string, Z i are hashed output blocks.. In cryptography, a sponge function or sponge construction is any of a class of algorithms with finite internal state that take an input bit stream of any length and produce an output bit stream of any desired length.
The Secure Remote Password protocol (SRP) is an augmented password-authenticated key exchange (PAKE) protocol, specifically designed to work around existing patents. [1]Like all PAKE protocols, an eavesdropper or man in the middle cannot obtain enough information to be able to brute-force guess a password or apply a dictionary attack without further interactions with the parties for each guess.
A block cipher consists of two paired algorithms, one for encryption, E, and the other for decryption, D. [1] Both algorithms accept two inputs: an input block of size n bits and a key of size k bits; and both yield an n-bit output block. The decryption algorithm D is defined to be the inverse function of encryption, i.e., D = E −1.