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  2. Serum free light-chain measurement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_free_light-chain...

    There are approximately twice as many kappa-producing plasma cells as lambda plasma cells. Kappa free-light chains are normally monomeric, while lambda free-light chains tend to be dimeric, joined by disulphide bonds. Polymeric forms of both types of free light chain can also occur. [6]

  3. Immunoglobulin light chain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_light_chain

    Once set, light chain class remains fixed for the life of the B lymphocyte. In a healthy individual, the total kappa-to-lambda ratio is roughly 2:1 in serum (measuring intact whole antibodies) or 1:1.5 if measuring free light chains, with a highly divergent ratio indicative of neoplasm. The free light chain ratio ranges from 0.26 to 1.65. [1]

  4. Immunoglobulin C2-set domain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_C2-set_domain

    There are two types of light chains: kappa and lambda, each composed of a constant domain (CL) and a variable domain (VL). There are five types of heavy chains: alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma and mu, all consisting of a variable domain (VH) and three (in alpha, delta and gamma) or four (in epsilon and mu) constant domains (CH1 to CH4).

  5. Immunofixation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofixation

    The panel simultaneously tests 4 patients (one in each quadrant). Each patient has 6 electrophoresis panels: The left one is a conventional serum protein electrophoresis. The remainder get solutions with anti-IgG, anti-IgA, anti-IgM, anti-kappa light chain and anti-lambda light chain immunoglobulin, respectively from left to right.

  6. Bence Jones protein - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bence_Jones_protein

    More recently, serum free light chain assays have been utilised in a number of published studies which have indicated superiority over the urine tests, particularly for patients producing low levels of monoclonal free light chains, as seen in nonsecretory multiple myeloma [5] [6] [7] and amyloid light chain amyloidosis (AL amyloidosis). [7] [8 ...

  7. Nephelometry (medicine) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephelometry_(medicine)

    It is important in quantification of free light chains in diseases such as multiple myeloma. Quantification is important for disease classification and for disease monitoring once a patient has been treated (increased skewing of the ratio between kappa and lambda light chains after a patient has been treated is an indication of disease recurrence).

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  9. Reference ranges for blood tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood...

    Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) 44 [15] ... Serum free light chains (FLC): kappa/lambda ratio: 0.26 [169] 1.65 [169] (unitless) Other enzymes and proteins. Test Lower limit