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2. Lorenz gauge condition - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_gauge_condition

   The Lorenz gauge hence contradicted Maxwell's original derivation of the EM wave equation by introducing a retardation effect to the Coulomb force and bringing it inside the EM wave equation alongside the time varying electric field, which was introduced in Lorenz's paper "On the identity of the vibrations of light with electrical currents".

3. Gauge fixing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_fixing

   The Coulomb gauge (also known as the transverse gauge) is used in quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics and is defined by the gauge condition (more precisely, gauge fixing condition) (,) =. It is particularly useful for "semi-classical" calculations in quantum mechanics, in which the vector potential is quantized but the Coulomb ...

4. Retarded potential - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retarded_potential

   Position vectors r and r′ used in the calculation. The starting point is Maxwell's equations in the potential formulation using the Lorenz gauge: =, = where φ(r, t) is the electric potential and A(r, t) is the magnetic vector potential, for an arbitrary source of charge density ρ(r, t) and current density J(r, t), and is the D'Alembert operator. [2]

5. Electromagnetic four-potential - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_four-potential

   In special relativity, the electric and magnetic fields transform under Lorentz transformations. This can be written in the form of a rank two tensor – the electromagnetic tensor . The 16 contravariant components of the electromagnetic tensor, using Minkowski metric convention (+ − − −) , are written in terms of the electromagnetic four ...

6. Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions...

   The gauge-fixed potentials still have a gauge freedom under all gauge transformations that leave the gauge fixing equations invariant. Inspection of the potential equations suggests two natural choices. In the Coulomb gauge, we impose ∇ ⋅ A = 0, which is mostly used in the case of magneto statics when we can neglect the c −2 ∂ 2 A/∂t ...

7. Magnetic vector potential - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potential

   The solutions of Maxwell's equations in the Lorenz gauge (see Feynman [5] and Jackson [7]) with the boundary condition that both potentials go to zero sufficiently fast as they approach infinity are called the retarded potentials, which are the magnetic vector potential (,) and the electric scalar potential (,) due to a current distribution of ...

8. Thanksgiving turkey: Safe internal temperature, where to ...

   www.aol.com/thanksgiving-turkey-safe-internal...

   To check the turkey for doneness, insert a food thermometer into the innermost part of the thigh and the thickest part of the breast. The turkey is done when that innermost temperature reaches 165 ...

9. Liénard–Wiechert potential - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liénard–Wiechert_potential

   The Liénard–Wiechert potentials describe the classical electromagnetic effect of a moving electric point charge in terms of a vector potential and a scalar potential in the Lorenz gauge. Stemming directly from Maxwell's equations , these describe the complete, relativistically correct, time-varying electromagnetic field for a point charge in ...