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The tuning application, for instance, is an example of band-pass filtering. The RLC filter is described as a second-order circuit, meaning that any voltage or current in the circuit can be described by a second-order differential equation in circuit analysis. The three circuit elements, R, L and C, can be combined in a number of different ...
Mathematical Methods in Electronics Engineering involves applying mathematical principles to analyze, design, and optimize electronic circuits and systems. Key areas include: [1] [2] Linear Algebra: Used to solve systems of linear equations that arise in circuit analysis. Applications include network theory and the analysis of electrical ...
For example, the second-order equation y′′ = −y can be rewritten as two first-order equations: y′ = z and z′ = −y. In this section, we describe numerical methods for IVPs, and remark that boundary value problems (BVPs) require a different set of tools. In a BVP, one defines values, or components of the solution y at more than one ...
In systems and control theory, the double integrator is a canonical example of a second-order control system. [1] It models the dynamics of a simple mass in one-dimensional space under the effect of a time-varying force input u {\displaystyle {\textbf {u}}} .
An RLC circuit therefore obeys + + = (), where () is the current as a function of time, is the resistance, the inductance, and the capacitance. [ 1 ] The activity of interacting inhibitory and excitatory neurons can be described by a system of integro-differential equations, see for example the Wilson-Cowan model .
In the case of the second order network, when a2 > b (i.e. L1 > L2 or C2 > C1 or y > √ 3 x), it is necessary to use the circuit containing mutually coupled coils for the second order all-pass network. A cascade of second order networks with, maybe, a single first order network, can be used to give a high order response. For example, the ...
As an aside, it may be noted that real-world departures from this linear two-pole model occur due to two major complications: first, real amplifiers have more than two poles, as well as zeros; and second, real amplifiers are nonlinear, so their step response changes with signal amplitude. Figure 4: Step response for three values of α.
All the digital models in mixed-mode simulators provide accurate specification of propagation time and rise/fall time delays. The event-driven algorithm provided by mixed-mode simulators is general-purpose and supports non-digital types of data. For example, elements can use real or integer values to simulate DSP functions or sampled data filters.