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In fractions like "2 nanometers per meter" (2 n m / m = 2 nano = 2×10 −9 = 2 ppb = 2 × 0.000 000 001), so the quotients are pure-number coefficients with positive values less than or equal to 1. When parts-per notations, including the percent symbol (%), are used in regular prose (as opposed to mathematical expressions), they are still pure ...
Major dictionaries do not agree on the spelling, [1] [2] [3] giving other options of per mil, [2] per mill, [1] [3] permil, [1] [4] permill, [1] permille. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The word promille is the cognate in Dutch, German, Finnish and Swedish, and is sometimes seen as a loanword in English with the same meaning as per mille .
A related concept is one part per ten thousand, 1 / 10,000 .The same unit is also (rarely) called a permyriad, literally meaning "for (every) myriad (ten thousand)". [4] [5] If used interchangeably with basis point, the permyriad is potentially confusing because an increase of one basis point to a 10 basis point value is generally understood to mean an increase to 11 basis points; not ...
For example, a N2.0 gas is 99% (two nines) pure and 1% impurities by volume; a N6.0 gas is 99.9999% (six nines) pure, with 1 part per million (1 ppm or 1 vpm, volume per million) impurities. [7] Intermediate values indicate the digit following the last nine. For example, N4.6 estimates a purity level of 99.996% (four nines followed by a six). [7]
The percent sign % (sometimes per cent sign in British English) is the symbol used to indicate a percentage, a number or ratio as a fraction of 100. Related signs include the permille (per thousand) sign ‰ and the permyriad (per ten thousand) sign ‱ (also known as a basis point), which indicate that a number is divided by one thousand or ten thousand, respectively.
Carbon isotope fractionations are expressed in using delta notation of δ 13 C ("delta thirteen C"), which is reported in parts per thousand (per mille, ‰). [9] δ 13 C is defined in relation to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB, 13 C/ 12 C = 0.01118) as an established reference standard.
From January 2008 to December 2012, if you bought shares in companies when Donald R. Keough joined the board, and sold them when he left, you would have a 9.0 percent return on your investment, compared to a -2.8 percent return from the S&P 500.
In geochemistry, paleoclimatology and paleoceanography δ 18 O or delta-O-18 is a measure of the deviation in ratio of stable isotopes oxygen-18 (18 O) and oxygen-16 (16 O). It is commonly used as a measure of the temperature of precipitation, as a measure of groundwater/mineral interactions, and as an indicator of processes that show isotopic fractionation, like methanogenesis.