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All error-detection and correction schemes add some redundancy (i.e., some extra data) ... 1010 1010 1010 in the previous example would be detected as correct).
If the channel quality is bad, and not all transmission errors can be corrected, the receiver will detect this situation using the error-detection code, then the received coded data block is rejected and a re-transmission is requested by the receiver, similar to ARQ.
In coding theory, burst error-correcting codes employ methods of correcting burst errors, which are errors that occur in many consecutive bits rather than occurring in bits independently of each other.
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Turbo coding is an iterated soft-decoding scheme that combines two or more relatively simple convolutional codes and an interleaver to produce a block code that can perform to within a fraction of a decibel of the Shannon limit.
The rate of a block code is defined as the ratio between its message length and its block length: = /. A large rate means that the amount of actual message per transmitted block is high.
This system detects all single-digit errors and around 90% [citation needed] of transposition errors. 1, 3, 7, and 9 are used because they are coprime with 10, so changing any digit changes the check digit; using a coefficient that is divisible by 2 or 5 would lose information (because 5×0 = 5×2 = 5×4 = 5×6 = 5×8 = 0 modulo 10) and thus ...
Program execution; General concepts; Code; Translation. Compiler. Compile time; Optimizing compiler; Intermediate representation (IR); Execution. Runtime system. Runtime