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Excommunication—literally, the denial of communion—usually means that a person is barred from participating in the Sacraments or holding ecclesiastical office. Ne Romani (1311), promulgated by Pope Clement V during the Council of Vienne , extended suffrage in papal election to excommunicated cardinals in an attempt to limit schisms .
Excommunicated Catholics, however, are barred from receiving the Eucharist or from taking an active part in the liturgy (reading, bringing the offerings, etc.). [4] Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, with 5 separate excommunications from 3 different Popes, carries the distinction of publicly being the most excommunicated individual. In this list ...
Copernicus's Toruń birthplace (ul. Kopernika 15, left).Together with no. 17 (right), it forms Muzeum Mikołaja Kopernika.Nicolaus Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473 in the city of Toruń (Thorn), in the province of Royal Prussia, in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, [10] [11] to German-speaking parents.
Excommunication is intended to invite the person to change behaviour or attitude, repent, and return to full communion. [1] It is not an "expiatory penalty" designed to make satisfaction for the wrong done, much less a "vindictive penalty" designed solely to punish. Excommunication, which is the gravest penalty of all, is always "medicinal". [2]
A vitandus (Latin for "(one) to be avoided"; plural: vitandi) was someone subject to a decree of excommunication which called for Catholics to shun them. [3] [4] The three criteria to be a vitantus were: [5] the decree of excommunication must be publicly announced; the excommunicate's name must be mentioned in the decree
Researchers discovered a 500-year-old compass in a hidden chamber in Frombork, Poland, possibly used by Copernicus, shedding light on his astronomical work.
The Copernicus House in Toruń is a historic, Gothic tenement house in Toruń, Poland, which belonged to the Copernicus family in the second half of the 15th century. It is considered by many historians to be the birthplace of Nicolaus Copernicus , and it houses a museum dedicated to the astronomer.
During this period, the Church was also a major patron of engineering for the construction of elaborate cathedrals. Since the Renaissance, Catholic scientists have been credited as fathers of a diverse range of scientific fields: Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) pioneered heliocentrism, René Descartes (1596-1650) father of analytical geometry and co-founder of modern philosophy, Jean-Baptiste ...