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A simple (non-self-intersecting) quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and only if any one of the following statements is true: [2] [3] Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel (by definition). Two pairs of opposite sides are equal in length. Two pairs of opposite angles are equal in measure. The diagonals bisect each other.
Euler's quadrilateral theorem or Euler's law on quadrilaterals, named after Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), describes a relation between the sides of a convex quadrilateral and its diagonals. It is a generalisation of the parallelogram law which in turn can be seen as generalisation of the Pythagorean theorem .
A quadric quadrilateral is a convex quadrilateral whose four vertices all lie on the perimeter of a square. [7] A diametric quadrilateral is a cyclic quadrilateral having one of its sides as a diameter of the circumcircle. [8] A Hjelmslev quadrilateral is a quadrilateral with two right angles at opposite vertices. [9]
For the general quadrilateral (with four sides not necessarily equal) Euler's quadrilateral theorem states + + + = + +, where is the length of the line segment joining the midpoints of the diagonals. It can be seen from the diagram that x = 0 {\displaystyle x=0} for a parallelogram, and so the general formula simplifies to the parallelogram law.
The Varignon parallelogram is a rectangle if and only if the diagonals of the quadrilateral are perpendicular, that is, if the quadrilateral is an orthodiagonal quadrilateral. [6]: p. 14 [7]: p. 169 For a self-crossing quadrilateral, the Varignon parallelogram can degenerate to four collinear points, forming a line segment traversed twice.
The kites are exactly the orthodiagonal quadrilaterals that contain a circle tangent to all four of their sides; that is, the kites are the tangential orthodiagonal quadrilaterals. [1] A rhombus is an orthodiagonal quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides (that is, an orthodiagonal quadrilateral that is also a parallelogram).
The other two sides are called the legs (or the lateral sides) if they are not parallel; otherwise, the trapezoid is a parallelogram, and there are two pairs of bases. A scalene trapezoid is a trapezoid with no sides of equal measure, [3] in contrast with the special cases below.
A quadrilateral is a square if and only if it is any one of the following: [2] [3] A rectangle with two adjacent equal sides; A rhombus with a right vertex angle; A rhombus with all angles equal; A parallelogram with one right vertex angle and two adjacent equal sides; A quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles