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A brain metastasis is a cancer that has metastasized (spread) to the brain from another location in the body and is therefore considered a secondary brain tumor. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The metastasis typically shares a cancer cell type with the original site of the cancer. [ 3 ]
Clinically, CNS metastasis is known to cause haemorrhage or obstruction in the cranial portion of the CNS leading to hydrocephalus. [9] Additionally, metastatic lesions are usually discrete within the brain and appear as spherical masses that displace the brain parenchyma rather than invading the tissues. [10]
Brain metastasis can be single or multiple and involve any portion of the brain. Metastasis to dural structures generally occurs by hematogenous spread or direct invasion from a contiguous bone. Dural metastases can invade the underlying brain and cause focal edema and associated neurologic symptoms. These processes tend to cause seizures early ...
Brain metastasis: neurological symptoms such as headaches, [10] seizures, [10] and vertigo [10] Although advanced cancer may cause pain, it is often not the first symptom. Some patients, however, do not show any symptoms. [10] When the organ gets a metastatic disease it begins to shrink until its lymph nodes burst, or undergo lysis.
The most common symptoms of CNS tumors are headache, vomiting, and nausea. Symptoms vary depending on the tumor and may include unsteady gait, slowed speech, memory loss, loss of hearing and vision, problems with memory, narrowing of visual field, and back pain. Symptoms may also vary greatly between individuals with the same tumor type.
These can be further classified as primary tumors, which start within the brain, and secondary tumors, which most commonly have spread from tumors located outside the brain, known as brain metastasis tumors. [1] All types of brain tumors may produce symptoms that vary depending on the size of the tumor and the part of the brain that is involved ...
Since NM is a result of primary cancer metastasis and can develop from primary brain tumors or parenchymal metastasis when tumor cells are lodged in small central nervous system (CNS) vasculature, causing local ischemia and vessel damage which result in tumor spillage into the Virchow-Robin spaces and providing access to the subarachnoid space.
The brain is susceptible to damage from conventional therapy. The brain has a limited capacity to repair itself. Many drugs cannot cross the blood–brain barrier to act on the tumor. Treatment of primary brain tumors consists of palliative (symptomatic) care and therapies intended to improve survival.