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Pumping requirements and pressure drop: The requirement for the fluid to suspend the solid material necessitates that a higher fluid velocity is attained in the reactor. In order to achieve this, more pumping power and thus higher energy costs are needed. In addition, the pressure drop associated with deep beds also requires additional pumping ...
Ebullated bed reactors are a type of fluidized bed reactor that utilizes ebullition, or bubbling, to achieve appropriate distribution of reactants and catalysts.The ebullated-bed technology utilizes a three-phase reactor (liquid, vapor, and catalyst), and is most applicable for exothermic reactions and for feedstocks which are difficult to process in fixed-bed or plug flow reactors due to high ...
A fluidized bed is a physical phenomenon that occurs when a solid particulate substance (usually present in a holding vessel) is under the right conditions so that it behaves like a fluid. The usual way to achieve a fluidized bed is to pump pressurized fluid into the particles.
In the circulating fluidized bed scrubber process, flue gas will enter the reactor from the bottom of the vessel. Simultaneously, hydrated lime will be injected into the circulating fluidized bed absorber for reaction to take place to convert SO 2 and SO 3 from the flue gas to calcium sulfate and calcium sulfite. Water will also be injected at ...
A general Annular Fluidized Bed (AFB) introduces gas at high speeds that enter the reactor from the bottom of the large central nozzle and additional fluidized gas is introduced through an annular nozzle ring. As a result, gas and solids are extensively mixed in the dense bottom part of the mixing chamber and flow upward in the riser.
A trickle-bed reactor (TBR) is a chemical reactor that uses the downward movement of a liquid and the downward (co-current) or upward (counter-current) movement of gas over a packed bed of particles. It is considered to be the simplest reactor type for performing catalytic reactions where a gas and liquid (normally both reagents) are present in ...
A bubble column reactor is a very simple device consisting of a vertical vessel filled with water with a gas distributor at the inlet. Due to the ease of design and operation, which does not involve moving parts, they are widely used in the chemical , biochemical, petrochemical , and pharmaceutical industries to generate and control gas-liquid ...
Packed bed reactors are reactor vessels containing a fixed bed of catalytic material, they are widely used in the chemical process industry and find primary use in heterogeneous, gas-phase, catalytic reactions. The advantages of using a packed bed reactor include the high conversion of reactants per unit mass of catalyst, relatively low ...