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Marxist literary criticism is a theory of literary criticism based on the historical materialism developed by philosopher and economist Karl Marx.Marxist critics argue that even art and literature themselves form social institutions and have specific ideological functions, based on the background and ideology of their authors.
For example, Johnson stated: "The whole of the key Chapter Eight of Capital is a deliberate and systematic falsification to prove a thesis which an objective examination of the facts showed was untenable". [5] [page needed] Paul Johnson's criticism of Marx has itself been subject to criticism by Marxian economist Richard D. Wolff.
The classical and orthodox Marxist definition of ideology is false belief, emergent from the oppressive society which educates its citizens to be obedient workers. The failures of the 1918 revolutions , the rise of Stalinism and fascism , and the explosion of another world war saw a new focus on the importance of ideology among Marxists.
Various Marxist authors have focused on Marx's method of analysis and presentation (historical materialist and logically dialectical) as key factors both in understanding the range and incisiveness of Karl Marx's writing in general, his critique of political economy, as well as Grundrisse and Das Kapital in particular.
The gender/queer lens, while influenced by the feminist lens, treats gender as more of a spectrum, and also considers human sexuality. [5] David Richter notes in The Critical Tradition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends that "XXY syndromes, natural sexual bimorphisms, as well as surgical transsexuals [...] defy attempts at binary classification".
While the term "cultural Marxism" has been used in a general sense, to discuss the application of Marxist ideas in the cultural field, [11] [43] [44] the variant term "Cultural Marxism" generally refers to an antisemitic conspiracy theory.
The actions by governments of communist states (Marxist-Leninist states) have been subject to criticism across the political spectrum. [1] Communist party rule has been especially criticized by anti-communists and right-wing critics, but also by other socialists such as anarchists , democratic socialists , libertarian socialists , orthodox ...
The concept of self-criticism is a component of some Marxist schools of thought, primarily that of Marxism–Leninism, Maoism and Marxism–Leninism–Maoism. The concept was first introduced by Joseph Stalin in his 1924 work The Foundations of Leninism [ 2 ] and later expanded upon in his 1928 work Against Vulgarising the Slogan of Self ...