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  2. Paracellular transport - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracellular_transport

    The distinction has particular significance in renal physiology and intestinal physiology. Transcellular transport often involves energy expenditure whereas paracellular transport is unmediated and passive down a concentration gradient, [ 4 ] or by osmosis (for water) and solvent drag for solutes. [ 5 ]

  3. Kidney (vertebrates) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_(vertebrates)

    The pronephros is a vital organ in animals that go through the aquatic larval stage. If in larvae the pronephros becomes non-functional, then they rapidly die from edema. [34] The pronephros is a relatively large organ that has a primitive structure and usually consists of a single pair of bilateral nephrons with an external glomerulus or glomus.

  4. Aquaporin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaporin

    Aquaporins are "the plumbing system for cells". Water moves through cells in an organized way, most rapidly in tissues that have aquaporin water channels. [28] For many years, scientists assumed that water leaked through the cell membrane, and some water does. However, this did not explain how water could move so quickly through some cells. [28]

  5. Fluid balance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_balance

    The recommended daily amount of drinking water for humans varies. [1] It depends on activity, age, health, and environment.In the United States, the Adequate Intake for total water, based on median intakes, is 4.0 litres (141 imp fl oz; 135 US fl oz) per day for males older than 18, and 3.0 litres (106 imp fl oz; 101 US fl oz) per day for females over 18; it assumes about 80% from drink and 20 ...

  6. Excretion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion

    In animals, the main excretory products are carbon dioxide, ammonia (in ammoniotelics), urea (in ureotelics), uric acid (in uricotelics), guanine (in Arachnida), and creatine. The liver and kidneys clear many substances from the blood (for example, in renal excretion ), and the cleared substances are then excreted from the body in the urine and ...

  7. Renal physiology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_physiology

    This illustration demonstrates the normal kidney physiology, including the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, and Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT). It also includes illustrations showing where some types of diuretics act, and what they do. Renal physiology (Latin renes, "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney.

  8. Nephridium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephridium

    The nephridium (pl.: nephridia) is an invertebrate organ, found in pairs and performing a function similar to the vertebrate kidneys (which originated from the chordate nephridia). Nephridia remove metabolic wastes from an animal's body. Nephridia come in two basic categories: metanephridia and protonephridia.

  9. Mammalian kidney - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian_kidney

    The concave part of the bean-shaped kidneys is called the renal hilum, through which the renal artery and nerves enter the kidney. The renal vein, collecting lymphatic vessels and ureter exit the kidney through the renal hilum. [6] [55] The kidneys are located retroperitoneally [6] on the back wall of the body of mammals. [7]