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Germanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white and similar in appearance to silicon. It is a metalloid (more rarely considered a metal) in the carbon group that is chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms ...
The carbon group is a periodic table group consisting of carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and flerovium (Fl). It lies within the p-block. In modern IUPAC notation, it is called group 14. In the field of semiconductor physics, it is still universally called group IV.
It is noted for 243 valid minerals and is the type location for 56 types of mineral. Some of the germanium minerals are only found in this mine. [10] From 1971 to 1972, the Tsumeb mine had its operations temporarily stopped during the 1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike over the contract labor system and apartheid. [11] [12]
Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number; [5] siderophiles shown in yellow. Graphs of abundance against atomic number can reveal patterns relating abundance to stellar nucleosynthesis and geochemistry. The alternation of abundance between even and odd atomic number is ...
Chile. List of countries by lithium production. Manganese [14] South Africa. China. List of countries by manganese production. Mercury [15] China.
Gallium is a chemical element; it has the symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Discovered by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, [10] gallium is in group 13 of the periodic table and is similar to the other metals of the group (aluminium, indium, and thallium). Elemental gallium is a relatively soft, silvery metal at ...
The elements commonly classified as metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium. [n 4] The status of polonium and astatine is not settled. Most authors recognise one or the other, or both, as metalloids; Herman, Hoffmann and Ashcroft, on the basis of relativistic modelling, predict astatine will be a monatomic metal.
Germanium occurs mostly in the oxidation state +4 although many +2 compounds are known. [1] Other oxidation states are rare: +3 is found in compounds such as Ge 2 Cl 6, and +3 and +1 are found on the surface of oxides, [2] or negative oxidation states in germanides, such as −4 in Mg 2 Ge.