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  2. Annealing (glass) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(glass)

    Annealing is a process of slowly cooling hot glass objects after they have been formed, to relieve residual internal stresses introduced during manufacture. Especially for smaller, simpler objects, annealing may be incidental to the process of manufacture, but in larger or more complex products it commonly demands a special process of annealing in a temperature-controlled kiln known as a lehr. [1]

  3. Soda–lime glass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda–lime_glass

    The manufacturing process for soda–lime glass consists in melting the raw materials, which are the silica, soda, lime (in the form of (Ca(OH) 2), dolomite (CaMg(CO 3) 2, which provides the magnesium oxide), and aluminium oxide; along with small quantities of fining agents (e.g., sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4), sodium chloride (NaCl), etc.) in a glass furnace at temperatures locally up to 1675 ...

  4. Architectural glass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_glass

    The glass floats on the tin, and levels out as it spreads along the bath, giving a smooth face to both sides. The glass cools and slowly solidifies as it travels over the molten tin and leaves the tin bath in a continuous ribbon. The glass is then annealed by cooling in an oven called a lehr. The finished product has near-perfect parallel surfaces.

  5. Annealing (materials science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(materials_science)

    In metallurgy and materials science, annealing is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase its ductility and reduce its hardness, making it more workable. It involves heating a material above its recrystallization temperature, maintaining a suitable temperature for an appropriate ...

  6. Laminated glass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminated_glass

    Laminated glass is a type of safety glass consisting of two or more layers of glass with one or more thin polymer interlayers between them which prevent the glass from breaking into large sharp pieces. [1] Breaking produces a characteristic "spider web" cracking pattern (radial and concentric cracks) when the impact is not enough to completely ...

  7. Tempered glass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempered_glass

    Tempered or toughened glass is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the interior into tension. Such stresses cause the glass, when broken, to shatter into small granular chunks instead of ...

  8. Lehr (glassmaking) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehr_(glassmaking)

    Lehr (glassmaking) In the manufacture of float glass, a lehr oven is a long kiln with an end-to-end temperature gradient, which is used for annealing newly made glass objects that are transported through the temperature gradient either on rollers or on a conveyor belt. The annealing renders glass into a stronger material with fewer internal ...

  9. Single crystal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_crystal

    v. t. e. In materials science, a single crystal (or single-crystal solid or monocrystalline solid) is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries. [1] The absence of the defects associated with grain boundaries can give monocrystals unique ...