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The brain processes underlying conscious awareness of the unpleasantness (suffering), are not well understood. There have been several published lists of criteria for establishing whether non-human animals experience pain, e.g. [38] [39] Some criteria that may indicate the potential of another species, including crustaceans, to feel pain ...
Pain negatively affects the health and welfare of animals. [1] ". Pain" is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." [2] Only the animal experiencing the pain can know the pain's ...
Pain in cephalopods is a contentious issue. Pain is a complex mental state, with a distinct perceptual quality but also associated with suffering, which is an emotional state. Because of this complexity, the presence of pain in non-human animals, or another human for that matter, cannot be determined unambiguously using observational methods ...
Pain in invertebrates is a contentious issue. Although there are numerous definitions of pain, almost all involve two key components. First, nociception is required. This is the ability to detect noxious stimuli which evokes a reflex response that moves the entire animal, or the affected part of its body, away from the source of the stimulus.
Coconut crab. The coconut crab (Birgus latro) is a terrestrial species of giant hermit crab, and is also known as the robber crab or palm thief. It is the largest terrestrial arthropod known, with a weight of up to 4.1 kg (9 lb). The distance from the tip of one leg to the tip of another can be as wide as 1 m (3 ft 3 in).
A nociceptor (from Latin nocere 'to harm or hurt'; lit. 'pain receptor') is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat" signals [1][2][3] to the spinal cord and the brain. The brain creates the sensation of pain to direct attention to the body part, so the threat can be mitigated; this ...
A shed carapace of a lady crab, part of the hard exoskeleton. Body structure of a typical crustacean – krill. The body of a crustacean is composed of segments, which are grouped into three regions: the cephalon or head, [5] the pereon or thorax, [6] and the pleon or abdomen. [7] The head and thorax may be fused together to form a ...
Drawing of the statocyst system Statocysts (ss) and statolith (sl) inside the head of sea snail Gigantopelta chessoia. The statocyst is a balance sensory receptor present in some aquatic invertebrates, including bivalves, [1] cnidarians, [2] ctenophorans, [3] echinoderms, [4] cephalopods, [5] [6] crustaceans, [7] and gastropods, [8] A similar structure is also found in Xenoturbella. [9]