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Lignite mining, western North Dakota, US (c. 1945). Lignite is brownish-black in color and has a carbon content of 60–70 percent on a dry ash-free basis. However, its inherent moisture content is sometimes as high as 75 percent [1] and its ash content ranges from 6–19 percent, compared with 6–12 percent for bituminous coal. [5]
Overall, about 97% of input carbon fed directly to the process can be converted into synthetic fuel. However, any carbon used in generating hydrogen will be lost as carbon dioxide, so reducing the overall carbon efficiency of the process. There is a residue of unreactive tarry compounds mixed with ash from the coal and catalyst.
The fixed carbon content of the coal is the carbon found in the material which is left after volatile materials are driven off. This differs from the ultimate carbon content of the coal because some carbon is lost in hydrocarbons with the volatiles. Fixed carbon is used as an estimate of the amount of coke that will be yielded from a sample of ...
The less turbid the water, the more light is able to penetrate, and thus heat is conveyed deeper in the water. [17] Heating declines exponentially with depth in the water column, so the water will be warmest near the surface but progressively cooler as moving downwards. There are three main sections that define thermal stratification in a lake.
Organic-rich sedimentary rocks are a specific type of sedimentary rock that contains significant amounts (>3%) of organic carbon. [1] [2] The most common types include coal, lignite, oil shale, or black shale. [2]
The Rheinisches Braunkohlerevier, often called the Rhenish mining area, is a lignite mining area or district in the Cologne Bay, on the northwestern edge of the Rhenish Slate Mountains. The mining of lignite using the open pit method has had a significant impact on the landscape here and led to the formation of several important industrial sites.
It is an oxidation product of lignite, associated with near-surface mining. [1] It is a rich source of humic acid (up to 90%) [ 2 ] and is used as a soil conditioner , as a stabilizer for ion-exchange resins in water treatment, [ 3 ] in the remediation of polluted environments and as a drilling additive. [ 4 ]
GBCE has built and is now operating the world's first industrial-scale coal-upgrading facility. It has capacity to process 1 MTPA of coal feedstock and is located in Holingol, Inner Mongolia, the largest lignite-producing region in China. [10] The coal is typically high moisture (35 – 40% TM) and 3200 – 3400 kcal gar.