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Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body. [1] This may be due to either a loss of both salt and water or a decrease in blood volume.
Nocturnal leg cramps are involuntary muscle contractions that occur in the calves, soles of the feet, or other muscles in the body during the night or (less commonly) while resting. The duration of nocturnal leg cramps is variable, with cramps lasting anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes.
Na + loss approximately correlates with fluid loss from ECF, since Na + has a much higher concentration in ECF than ICF. In contrast, K + has a much higher concentration in ICF than ECF, and therefore its loss rather correlates with fluid loss from ICF, since K + loss from ECF causes the K + in ICF to diffuse out of the cells, dragging water with it by osmosis.
Lack of exercise is another common cause of water retention in the legs. Exercise helps the leg veins work against gravity to return blood to the heart . If blood travels too slowly and starts to pool in the leg veins , the pressure can force too much fluid out of the leg capillaries into the tissue spaces.
The causes of and treatments for hyponatremia can only be understood by having a grasp of the size of the body fluid compartments and subcompartments and their regulation; how under normal circumstances the body is able to maintain the sodium concentration within a narrow range (homeostasis of body fluid osmolality); conditions can cause that ...
Common causes in pediatric patients may be diarrheal illness, frequent feedings with dilute formula, water intoxication via excessive consumption, and enemas. [3] Pseudohyponatremia is a false low sodium reading that can be caused by high levels of fats or proteins in the blood.
Very small currents may be imperceptible or only produce a light tingling sensation. However, a shock caused by low and otherwise harmless current could startle an individual and cause injury due to jerking away or falling. A strong electric shock can often cause painful muscle spasms severe enough to dislocate joints or even to break bones.
Substrate shortage is one of the causes of metabolic fatigue. Substrates are depleted during exercise or are unable to be metabolized (e.g. metabolic myopathies), resulting in a lack of intracellular energy sources to fuel contractions. In essence, the muscle stops contracting because it lacks the energy to do so.