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Richmann's law, [1] [2] sometimes referred to as Richmann's rule, [3] Richmann's mixing rule, [4] Richmann's rule of mixture [5] or Richmann's law of mixture, [6] is a physical law for calculating the mixing temperature when pooling multiple bodies. [5]
In materials science, a general rule of mixtures is a weighted mean used to predict various properties of a composite material. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It provides a theoretical upper- and lower-bound on properties such as the elastic modulus , ultimate tensile strength , thermal conductivity , and electrical conductivity . [ 3 ]
The Lorentz rule was proposed by H. A. Lorentz in 1881: [5] = + The Lorentz rule is only analytically correct for hard sphere systems. Intuitively, since , loosely reflect the radii of particle i and j respectively, their averages can be said to be the effective radii between the two particles at which point repulsive interactions become severe.
The activity coefficient model is used to adapt the equation of state parameters for mixtures by a so-called mixing rule. [5] The usage of an equation of state introduces all thermodynamic relations defined for equations of state into the VTPR model. This allows the calculation of densities, enthalpies, heat capacities, and more. [6]
This mixing rule is theoretically justified by Eyring's representation of the viscosity of a pure fluid according to Glasstone et alios (1941). [12] The quantity η l i V l i {\displaystyle \eta _{li}V_{li}} has been obtained from the time-correlation expression for shear viscosity by Zwanzig (1965).
Although, thorough mixing of gases and vapors may not be as easily accomplished. [citation needed] For example, if there are 10 grams of salt (the solute) dissolved in 1 litre of water (the solvent), this solution has a certain salt concentration . If one adds 1 litre of water to this solution, the salt concentration is reduced.
Georg Wilhelm Richmann (Russian: Георг Вильгельм Рихман; 22 July [O.S. 11 July] 1711 – 6 August [O.S. 26 July] 1753) was a Russian physicist of Baltic German origin who did pioneering work on electricity, atmospheric electricity, and calorimetry. [1]
For alloys containing transition metal elements there is a difficulty in interpretation of the Hume-Rothery electron concentration rule, as the values of e/a values (number of itinerant electrons per atom) for transition metals have been quite controversial for a long time, and no satisfactory solutions have yet emerged. [9] [10]