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Hepatitis B infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982. [4] [12] As of 2022, the hepatitis B vaccine is between 98% and 100% effective in preventing infection. [1] The vaccine is administered in several doses; after an initial dose, two or three more vaccine doses are required at a later time for full effect. [1]
Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B to replicate and is only found with hepatitis B co-infection. [17] In adults, hepatitis B infection is most commonly self-limiting, with less than 5% progressing to chronic state, and 20 to 30% of those chronically infected developing cirrhosis or liver cancer. [ 31 ]
Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. [13] The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given ...
Acute hepatitis B; Acute hepatitis C; Acute hepatitis D – this is a superinfection with the delta-agent in a patient already infected with hepatitis B; Acute hepatitis E; Chronic viral hepatitis; Other viral hepatitis viruses may exist but their relation to the disease is not firmly established like the previous ones (hepatitis F, GB virus C ...
Hepatitis B is also considered a sexually transmitted infection because it can be spread through sexual contact. [113] The highest rates are found in Asia and Africa and lower rates are in the Americas and Europe. [114] Approximately two billion people worldwide have been infected with the hepatitis B virus. [115]
During pregnancy, acute hepatitis B infection can result in increased risk of preterm delivery, low birth weight and increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Chronic hepatitis B infection is the largest concern globally. Chronic hepatitis B infection can lead to acute liver failure and increased alanine aminotransferase flares.
Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis or hepatic cirrhosis, chronic liver failure or chronic hepatic failure and end-stage liver disease, is an acute condition of the liver in which the normal functioning tissue, or parenchyma, is replaced with scar tissue and regenerative nodules as a result of chronic liver disease.
Hepatitis B carries the greatest risk of transmission, with 10% of exposed workers eventually showing seroconversion and 10% having symptoms. [8] Higher rates of hepatitis B vaccination among the general public and healthcare workers have reduced the risk of transmission; [2] non-healthcare workers still have a lower HBV vaccination rate and ...