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Structure proposed in 1998 [1] with functional groups. A: Epoxy bridges, B: Hydroxyl groups, C: Pairwise carboxyl groups. Graphite oxide (GO), formerly called graphitic oxide or graphitic acid, is a compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in variable ratios, obtained by treating graphite with strong oxidizers and acids for resolving of extra metals.
Graphene oxide is usually produced through chemical exfoliation of graphite. A particularly popular technique is the improved Hummers' method . [ 219 ] Using paper-making techniques on dispersed, oxidized and chemically processed graphite in water, the monolayer flakes form a single sheet and create strong bonds.
Using paper-making techniques on dispersed, oxidized and chemically processed graphite in water, monolayer flakes form a single sheet and create strong bonds. These sheets, called graphene oxide paper, have a measured tensile modulus of 32 GPa. [8] The chemical property of graphite oxide is related to the functional groups attached to graphene ...
Another high-temperature lubricant, hexagonal boron nitride, has the same molecular structure as graphite. It is sometimes called white graphite, due to its similar properties. When a large number of crystallographic defects bind its planes together, graphite loses its lubrication properties and becomes what is known as pyrolytic graphite.
Calcium graphite CaC 6 is obtained by immersing highly oriented pyrolytic graphite in liquid Li–Ca alloy for 10 days at 350 °C. The crystal structure of CaC 6 belongs to the R 3 m space group. The graphite interlayer distance increases upon Ca intercalation from 3.35 to 4.524 Å, and the carbon-carbon distance increases from 1.42 to 1.444 Å.
Hummers' method is a chemical process that can be used to generate graphite oxide through the addition of potassium permanganate to a solution of graphite, sodium nitrate, and sulfuric acid. It is commonly used by engineering and lab technicians as a reliable method of producing quantities of graphite oxide.
In 1859, Benjamin Collins Brodie became aware of the highly lamellar structure of thermally reduced graphite oxide. [5] [6] The structure of graphite was identified in 1916 [7] by the related method of powder diffraction. [8] It was studied in detail by Kohlschütter and Haenni in 1918, who described the properties of graphite oxide paper. [9]
The structure of fluorographene can be derived from the structure of graphite monofluoride (CF) n, which consists of weakly bound stacked fluorographene layers, and its most stable conformation (predicted for the monocrystal) contains an infinite array of trans-linked cyclohexane chairs with covalent C–F bonds in an AB stacking sequence. [7]