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In fact dimitic fungi almost always contain generative and skeletal hyphae; there is one exceptional genus, Laetiporus that includes only generative and binding hyphae. Skeletal and binding hyphae give leathery and woody fungi such as polypores their tough consistency. If a fungus contains all three types (example: Trametes), it is called trimitic.
Phycomyces have two mating types that are indistinguishable morphologically. The sexual cycle is thought to occur by the following steps. Two hyphae of different mating type encounter each other, and their tips undergo a septation event to produce gametangia.
Light micrograph of the hyphae and spores of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Mold health issues refer to the harmful health effects of molds ("moulds" in British English) and their mycotoxins. Molds are ubiquitous in the biosphere, and mold spores are a common component of household and workplace dust.
Through the mycelium, a fungus absorbs nutrients from its environment. It does this in a two-stage process. First, the hyphae secrete enzymes onto or into the food source, which break down biological polymers into smaller units such as monomers. These monomers are then absorbed into the mycelium by facilitated diffusion and active transport.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi increase primary production in host plants, with multi trophic effects. In this way, extramatrical mycelium is important to the maintenance of soil food webs, [6] supplying a significant nutritive source to invertebrates and microorganisms as well as overall plant competition and diversity.
The hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi produce the glycoprotein glomalin, which may be one of the major stores of carbon in the soil. [38] Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have (possibly) been asexual for many millions of years and, unusually, individuals can contain many genetically different nuclei (a phenomenon called heterokaryosis ).
Dark septate endophytes are plant root-colonizing fungi that are often darkly-pigmented, with septate hyphae, and form structures inside plant root cells such as microsclerotia. However, there is great variation in morphology within this group. Dark septate endophytes are observed more frequently in mature parts of the root system. [3]
The hyphae of Cladosporium sphaerospermum are thick walled, septate, and olivaceous-brown in colour. [5] Colonies of the fungus are velvety in texture and flattened (i.e., rarely raised, fluffy, or radially furrowed). C. sphaerospermum conidiophores are branched, septate, and dark, up to 150–300 μm long and 3.5–4.0 μm wide. [5]