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Troy weight, avoirdupois weight, and apothecaries' weight are all built from the same basic unit, the grain, which is the same in all three systems. However, while each system has some overlap in the names of their units of measure (all have ounces and pounds), the relationship between the grain and these other units within each system varies.
Wine was measured with units based on the wine gallon of 231 cubic inches (3.785 L), while beer was measured with units based on an ale gallon of 282 cubic inches (4.621 L) and grain was measured with the Winchester measure, with a gallon of approximately 268.8 cubic inches (one eighth of a Winchester bushel or 4.405 L). In 1824, these units ...
The US fluid gallon is exactly 15121 / 107521 smaller than the US dry gallon, while the imperial gallon is about 3.21% larger than the US dry gallon. The dry gallon's implicit value in the US system was originally one-eighth of the Winchester bushel, which was a cylindrical measure of 18.5 inches (469.9 mm) in diameter and 8 inches (203 ...
The US fluid ounce is based on the US gallon, which in turn is based on the wine gallon of 231 cubic inches that was used in the United Kingdom prior to 1824. With the adoption of the international inch, the US fluid ounce became 1 ⁄ 128 gal × 231 in 3 /gal × (2.54 cm/in) 3 = 29.573 529 5625 mL exactly, or about 4.084% larger than the ...
That meant that the Reputed measures varied depending on which standard gallon was used. A Reputed Pint of beer was equal to 285 mL (1/2 an Ale Pint, or equivalent to 10 imperial oz. or 9.63 US oz.) and a Reputed Quart of wine was equal to 730 mL (3/4 of a Wine Quart, or equivalent to 25.69 Imp. oz. or 24.68 US fluid oz.).
A US fluid ounce is 1 / 16 of a US pint (about 1·04 UK fluid ounces or 29.6 mL); a UK fluid ounce is 1 / 20 of a UK pint (about 0·96 US fluid ounce or 28.4 mL). On a larger scale, perhaps for institutional cookery, a UK gallon is 8 UK pints (160 UK fluid ounces; about 1·2 US gallons or 4.546 litres), whereas the US gallon is ...
In the US, the dry quart and dry pint are exactly 15121 / 92400 larger than their liquid counterparts, while the dry barrel is exactly 1 / 33 smaller than the fluid barrel, except for barrels of beer (dry barrels are exactly 5 / 341 smaller) and barrels of oil (dry barrels are exactly 3 / 11 smaller).
The half-liter water bottle (16.9 fl oz) has nearly replaced the 16 ounce size, while 700 mL (23.6 fl oz) and one-liter sizes are also common, though 20 fl oz and 24 fl oz sizes remain popular, particularly in vending machines.