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Matrix congruence is an equivalence relation. Matrix congruence arises when considering the effect of change of basis on the Gram matrix attached to a bilinear form or quadratic form on a finite-dimensional vector space : two matrices are congruent if and only if they represent the same bilinear form with respect to different bases .
For a vertical two-square, the first character of both plaintext and ciphertext digraphs uses the top matrix, while the second character uses the bottom. For a horizontal two-square, the first character of both digraphs uses the left matrix, while the second character uses the right. Find the first letter in the digraph in the upper/left text ...
The four-square algorithm allows for two separate keys, one for each of the two ciphertext matrices. As an example, here are the four-square matrices for the keywords "example" and "keyword." The plaintext matrices are in lowercase and the ciphertext matrices are in caps to make this example visually more simple:
In cryptography, a cryptosystem is a suite of cryptographic algorithms needed to implement a particular security service, such as confidentiality (). [1]Typically, a cryptosystem consists of three algorithms: one for key generation, one for encryption, and one for decryption.
Hill's cipher machine, from figure 4 of the patent. In classical cryptography, the Hill cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher based on linear algebra.Invented by Lester S. Hill in 1929, it was the first polygraphic cipher in which it was practical (though barely) to operate on more than three symbols at once.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cryptography: Cryptography (or cryptology) – practice and study of hiding information. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic ...
The Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security is a comprehensive work on Cryptography for both information security professionals and experts in the fields of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics, Engineering, Information Theory, Data Encryption, etc. [1] It consists of 460 articles in alphabetical order and is available electronically and in print.
In cryptography, an SP-network, or substitution–permutation network (SPN), is a series of linked mathematical operations used in block cipher algorithms such as AES (Rijndael), 3-Way, Kalyna, Kuznyechik, PRESENT, SAFER, SHARK, and Square.