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Chemical reactions involving thermal runaway are also called thermal explosions in chemical engineering, or runaway reactions in organic chemistry.It is a process by which an exothermic reaction goes out of control: the reaction rate increases due to an increase in temperature, causing a further increase in temperature and hence a further rapid increase in the reaction rate.
where ħ is the reduced Planck constant, a is the proper uniform acceleration, c is the speed of light, and k B is the Boltzmann constant. Thus, for example, a proper acceleration of 2.47 × 10 20 m⋅s −2 corresponds approximately to a temperature of 1 K. Conversely, an acceleration of 1 m⋅s −2 corresponds to a temperature of 4.06 × 10 ...
Jerk (also known as Jolt) is the rate of change of an object's acceleration over time. It is a vector quantity (having both magnitude and direction). Jerk is most commonly denoted by the symbol j and expressed in m/s 3 ( SI units ) or standard gravities per second ( g 0 /s).
[clarification needed] A system in thermodynamic equilibrium may move with uniform acceleration through space but must not change its shape or size while doing so; thus it is defined by a rigid volume in space. It may lie within external fields of force, determined by external factors of far greater extent than the system itself, so that events ...
This results in a difference between the directions of absorption and re-emission of radiation, which yields a net force along the direction of motion of the orbit. If the object is a prograde rotator, the force is in the direction of motion of the orbit, and causes the semi-major axis of the orbit to increase steadily; the object spirals away ...
In which case the term / is sufficient to describe the rate of change of temperature. If the sun is not warming the water (i.e. / =), but the path x(t) is not a standstill, the time derivative of φ may change due to the path. For example, imagine the swimmer is in a motionless pool of water, indoors and unaffected by the sun.
Two types of convective heat transfer may be distinguished: Free or natural convection: when fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces that result from the density variations due to variations of thermal ±temperature in the fluid. In the absence of an internal source, when the fluid is in contact with a hot surface, its molecules separate and ...
Here the fluid may be any material that contains thermal energy, such as water or air. In general, any substance or conserved, extensive quantity can be advected by a fluid that can hold or contain the quantity or substance. During advection, a fluid transports some conserved quantity or material via bulk motion.