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An oil tanker's inert gas system is one of the most important parts of its design. [18] Fuel oil itself is very difficult to ignite, however its hydrocarbon vapors are explosive when mixed with air in certain concentrations. [19] The purpose of the system is to create an atmosphere inside tanks in which the hydrocarbon oil vapors cannot burn. [18]
One-way tank-flood variable-mass system. This is simply an empty tank that can withstand external working pressure and can be partly or completely flooded by a control valve. The tank can be drained again at the surface for subsequent dives, but not while under pressure during a dive. [10]: 24 Pumped-oil constant-mass, variable-volume system.
A ball valve is a flow control device which uses a hollow, perforated, and pivoting ball to control fluid flowing through it. It is open when the hole through the middle of the ball is in line with the flow inlet and closed when it is pivoted 90 degrees by the valve handle, blocking the flow. [1]
A spring-loaded safety relief valve is usually installed on all oil and gas separators. These valves normally are set at the design pressure of the vessel. Safety relief valves serve primarily as a warning, and in most instances are too small to handle the full rated fluid capacity of the separator. Full-capacity safety relief valves can be ...
Neutral buoyancy occurs when an object's average density is equal to the density of the fluid in which it is immersed, resulting in the buoyant force balancing the force of gravity that would otherwise cause the object to sink (if the body's density is greater than the density of the fluid in which it is immersed) or rise (if it is less).
Control valves are normally fitted with actuators and positioners. Pneumatically-actuated globe valves and diaphragm valves are widely used for control purposes in many industries, although quarter-turn types such as (modified) ball and butterfly valves are also used. Control valves can also work with hydraulic actuators (also known as ...
A Horton sphere (sometimes spelled Hortonsphere), also referred to as a spherical tank or simply sphere, is a spherical pressure vessel, which is used for industrial-scale storage of liquefied gases. Example of materials that can be stored in Horton spheres are liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), and anhydrous ammonia .
COPVs can be subject to complex modes of failure. In 2016, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket exploded on the pad due to the failure of a COPV inside the liquid oxygen tank: [10] the failure resulted from accumulation of frozen solid oxygen between the COPV's aluminum liner and composite overwrap in a void or buckle. The entrapped oxygen can either break ...