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The graph of the logarithm base 2 crosses the x-axis at x = 1 and passes through the points (2, 1), (4, 2), and (8, 3), depicting, e.g., log 2 (8) = 3 and 2 3 = 8. The graph gets arbitrarily close to the y-axis, but does not meet it. Addition, multiplication, and exponentiation are three of the most fundamental arithmetic operations.
One part of this machine called an "endless spindle" allowed the mechanical expression of the relation = (+), [14] with the aim of extracting the logarithm of a sum as a sum of logarithms. A LNS has been used in the Gravity Pipe ( GRAPE-5 ) special-purpose supercomputer [ 15 ] that won the Gordon Bell Prize in 1999.
Logarithms can be used to make calculations easier. For example, two numbers can be multiplied just by using a logarithm table and adding. These are often known as logarithmic properties, which are documented in the table below. [2] The first three operations below assume that x = b c and/or y = b d, so that log b (x) = c and log b (y) = d.
The binary number system expresses any number as a sum of powers of 2, and denotes it as a sequence of 0 and 1, separated by a binary point, where 1 indicates a power of 2 that appears in the sum; the exponent is determined by the place of this 1: the nonnegative exponents are the rank of the 1 on the left of the point (starting from 0), and ...
The next extension gives the sedenions, which have zero divisors and so cannot be a normed division algebra. [8] The unit quaternions give a group structure on the 3-sphere S 3 isomorphic to the groups Spin(3) and SU(2), i.e. the universal cover group of SO(3). The positive and negative basis vectors form the eight-element quaternion group.
Logarithms: the inverses of exponential functions; useful to solve equations involving exponentials. Natural logarithm; Common logarithm; Binary logarithm; Power functions: raise a variable number to a fixed power; also known as Allometric functions; note: if the power is a rational number it is not strictly a transcendental function. Periodic ...
Binary logarithms also occur in the exponents of the time bounds for some divide and conquer algorithms, such as the Karatsuba algorithm for multiplying n-bit numbers in time O(n log 2 3), [42] and the Strassen algorithm for multiplying n × n matrices in time O(n log 2 7). [43]
Exponential function in base 2: () =, This result is a corollary of the Gelfond–Schneider theorem, which states that if , is algebraic, and is algebraic and irrational then is transcendental. Thus the function 2 x could be replaced by c x for any algebraic c not equal to 0 or 1.
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