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The solar azimuth angle is the azimuth (horizontal angle with respect to north) of the Sun's position. [1] [2] [3] This horizontal coordinate defines the Sun's relative direction along the local horizon, whereas the solar zenith angle (or its complementary angle solar elevation) defines the Sun's apparent altitude.
For example, when the Sun is at an elevation of 10°, it appears to be at 10.1°. The Sun's declination can be used, along with its right ascension, to calculate its azimuth and also its true elevation, which can then be corrected for refraction to give its apparent position. [2] [14] [18]
Coordinates Primary direction (0° longitude) Latitude Longitude Horizontal (also called alt-az or el-az) Observer Horizon: Zenith, nadir: Altitude (a) or elevation Azimuth (A) North or south point of horizon Equatorial: Center of the Earth (geocentric), or Sun (heliocentric) Celestial equator: Celestial poles: Declination (δ) Right ascension (α)
It is the complement to the solar altitude or solar elevation, which is the altitude angle or elevation angle between the sun’s rays and a horizontal plane. [4] [5] At solar noon, the zenith angle is at a minimum and is equal to latitude minus solar declination angle. This is the basis by which ancient mariners navigated the oceans. [6]
It is the complement to the solar altitude or solar elevation, which is the altitude angle or elevation angle between the sun’s rays and a horizontal plane. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] At solar noon , the zenith angle is at a minimum and is equal to latitude minus solar declination angle.
Radius = zenith distance: zd [nm] = 60 ⋅ (90 - Ho) (aka co-altitude of Ho) As the circles used for navigation generally have a radius of thousands of miles, a segment a few tens of miles long closely approximates a straight line, as described in Sumner's original use of the method.
On 21 June, the maximum altitude of the sun is 73.44 degrees, while it is 26.56 degrees on 21 December. [citation needed] The maximum altitude of the Sun is > 35.00º in October and > 28.00º in November. The 40th parallel north is the southern baseline for Canada's National Topographic System.
At this latitude midnight sun lasts from about May 16th to July 27th, and civil polar twilight from November 25th to January 16th. At noon on the summer and winter solstices, the altitude of the sun is 43.45° and -3.04° respectively. At midnight on the summer solstice, the altitude of the sun is 3.64°.