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In geometry, an incidence relation is a heterogeneous relation that captures the idea being expressed when phrases such as "a point lies on a line" or "a line is contained in a plane" are used. The most basic incidence relation is that between a point, P , and a line, l , sometimes denoted P I l .
The angle of incidence, in geometric optics, is the angle between a ray incident on a surface and the line perpendicular (at 90 degree angle) to the surface at the point of incidence, called the normal. The ray can be formed by any waves, such as optical, acoustic, microwave, and X-ray. In the figure below, the line representing a ray makes an ...
The incidence structure obtained at any point P of a Möbius plane by taking as points all the points other than P and as lines only those cycles that contain P (with P removed), is an affine plane. This structure is called the residual at P in design theory.
The incidence matrix of a (finite) incidence structure is a (0,1) matrix that has its rows indexed by the points {p i} and columns indexed by the lines {l j} where the ij-th entry is a 1 if p i I l j and 0 otherwise. [a] An incidence matrix is not uniquely determined since it depends upon the arbitrary ordering of the points and the lines. [6]
Light enters medium 2 from medium 1 via point O. is the angle of incidence, is the angle of refraction with respect to the normal. The phase velocities of light in medium 1 and medium 2 are = / and = / respectively.
Given the "line/point" incidence matrix of any finite incidence structure, M, and any field, F the row space of M over F is a linear code that we can denote by C = C F (M). Another related code that contains information about the incidence structure is the Hull of C which is defined as: [8]
The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the reflection surface at the point of the incidence lie in the same plane. The angle which the incident ray makes with the normal is equal to the angle which the reflected ray makes to the same normal. The reflected ray and the incident ray are on the opposite sides of the normal.
The incidence graph whose vertices are the points and lines of the generalized quadrangle and two vertices are adjacent if one is a point, the other a line and the point lies on the line. The incidence graph of a generalized quadrangle is characterized by being a connected, bipartite graph with diameter four and girth eight.