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The downfall of the Roman empire led to a decline in building activities and technology. Construction efforts were mostly done by the Roman Catholic Church. Craft training and education became a major focus in this period and craft guilds were organized. [24] Three distinct levels of ability (master, journeyman, and apprentice) were recognized.
The third factor affecting ancient building conservation is tourism. While tourism provides both economical and cultural benefits, it can also be destructive. The Egyptian tomb of Seti the 1st is currently off limits to the public due to the deterioration that has been caused by tourists.
Charles R. Ortloff was able to reconstruct the plan of the hydraulic network of ancient Petra and count a set of 8 water sources, 40 dams and water reservoirs, more than 200 reservoirs and cisterns, with a set of pipes exceeding 200 km. [51] This does not include the water reservoirs on the side of the mountains, with the construction of stone ...
Wattle and daub is a composite building method used for making walls and buildings, in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called "wattle" is "daubed" with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, and straw. Wattle and daub has been used for at least 6,000 years and is still an important construction method ...
Experimental archaeology (also called experiment archaeology) is a field of study which attempts to generate and test archaeological hypotheses, usually by replicating or approximating the feasibility of ancient cultures performing various tasks or feats.
Opus quadratum ("squared work") is an ancient Roman construction technique, in which squared blocks of stone of the same height were set in parallel courses, most often without the use of mortar. [1] The Latin author Vitruvius describes the technique.
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Thus, our understanding of ancient Egyptian architecture is based mainly on religious monuments, [10] massive structures characterized by thick, sloping walls with few openings, possibly echoing a method of construction used to obtain stability in mud walls. In a similar manner, the incised and flatly modeled surface adornment of the stone ...