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Twilight, the Thoroughbred mare who was the first horse to have its genome fully sequenced. The horse genome was first sequenced in 2006. The Horse Genome Project mapped 2.7 billion DNA base pairs, [1] and released the full map in 2009. [2] The horse genome is larger than the dog genome, but smaller than the human genome or the bovine genome. [2]
The DNA instructions for how to make a protein are called a gene. A change to the sequence of DNA is called a mutation. Mutations are not inherently bad; genetic diversity itself ultimately comes from mutations. Mutations that happen within a gene create alternate forms of that gene, which are called alleles. Alleles of a gene are simply ...
Today, pedigree analysis, DNA testing, studying possible offspring, and the vividness of primitive markings are used to determine whether a horse is a dun. A red dun may also be confused with a perlino, which is genetically a bay horse with two copies of the cream gene, which creates a horse with a cream-colored body but a reddish mane and tail ...
The cream gene is responsible for a number of horse coat colors. Horses that have the cream gene in addition to a base coat color that is chestnut will become palomino if they are heterozygous, having one copy of the cream gene, or cremello, if they are homozygous. Similarly, horses with a bay base coat and the cream gene will be buckskin or ...
Often called "white", they are not truly white horses, and they do not carry the white (W) gene. A cremello usually has blue eyes. Palomino. Buckskin: A bay horse with one copy of the cream gene, a dilution gene that "dilutes" or fades the coat color to a yellow, cream, or gold while keeping the black points (mane, tail, legs).
Horses with chestnut or chestnut-family coats - such as palomino, red roan, or red dun - are therefore unaffected by the gene and may silently carry it and pass it on to their offspring. On the template of a black horse, which has a coat rich in eumelanin, the effect is that of complete conversion to varying shades of silver.
Champagne is a dominant trait, based on a mutation in the SLC36A1 gene. [1] A horse with either one or two champagne genes will show the effects of the gene equally. However, if a horse is homozygous for a dominant gene, it will always pass the gene on to all of its offspring, while if the horse is heterozygous for the gene, the offspring will not always inherit the color.
The gene for LWS is most common in the American Paint Horse, but occurs in any breed that may carry frame genetics, including American Quarter Horses, Appaloosas, Thoroughbreds, Morgan horses, miniature horses, Tennessee Walking Horses, and mustangs, as well as horses that are descended from these breeds.