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A comparison of Sanskrit and Eastern Arabic numerals. Devanagari digits shapes may vary depending on geographical area or epoch. Some of the variants are also seen in older Sanskrit literature. [2] [3]
The Varga letters ka to ma have values from 1, 2, 3 .. up to 25 and Avarga letters ya to ha have values 30, 40, 50 .. up to 100. In the Varga and Avarga letters, beyond the ninth vowel (place), new symbols can be used. The values for vowels are as follows: a = 1; i = 100; u = 10000; ṛ = 1000000 and so on.
When Devanāgarī is used for writing languages other than Sanskrit, conjuncts are used mostly with Sanskrit words and loan words. Native words typically use the basic consonant and native speakers know to suppress the vowel when it is conventional to do so. For example, the native Hindi word karnā is written करना (ka-ra-nā). [59]
Each successive vowel is ordered to the different exponent of 100. In Āryabhaṭa numeration’s the diacritic signs, which mark vowels, multiply the value of the syllable’s consonant by the given power of 100. Direction of his script is right to left, which reflects the order of the Sanskrit lexical numerals. [6]
Not much is known about its use in North India. However, on a Sanskrit astrolabe discovered in North India, the degrees of the altitude are marked in the Kaṭapayādi system. It is preserved in the Sarasvati Bhavan Library of Sampurnanand Sanskrit University, Varanasi. [5] The Ka-ṭa-pa-yā-di system is not confined to India.
The Hindu–Arabic system is designed for positional notation in a decimal system. In a more developed form, positional notation also uses a decimal marker (at first a mark over the ones digit but now more commonly a decimal point or a decimal comma which separates the ones place from the tenths place), and also a symbol for "these digits recur ad infinitum".
Sanskrit (/ ˈ s æ n s k r ɪ t /; attributively संस्कृत-, saṃskṛta-; [15] [16] nominally संस्कृतम्, saṃskṛtam, IPA: [ˈsɐ̃skr̩tɐm] [17] [d]) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.
Sanskrit and other Indic Languages This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters