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  2. Logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm

    The graph of the logarithm base 2 crosses the x-axis at x = 1 and passes through the points (2, 1), (4, 2), and (8, 3), depicting, e.g., log 2 (8) = 3 and 2 3 = 8. The graph gets arbitrarily close to the y-axis, but does not meet it. Addition, multiplication, and exponentiation are three of the most fundamental arithmetic operations.

  3. Splitting circle method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splitting_circle_method

    In mathematics, the splitting circle method is a numerical algorithm for the numerical factorization of a polynomial and, ultimately, for finding its complex roots.It was introduced by Arnold Schönhage in his 1982 paper The fundamental theorem of algebra in terms of computational complexity (Technical report, Mathematisches Institut der Universität Tübingen).

  4. Tetration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetration

    Analogously, the inverses of tetration are often called the super-root, and the super-logarithm (In fact, all hyperoperations greater than or equal to 3 have analogous inverses); e.g., in the function =, the two inverses are the cube super-root of y and the super-logarithm base y of x.

  5. Newton's method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method

    Newton's method is a powerful technique—if the derivative of the function at the root is nonzero, then the convergence is at least quadratic: as the method converges on the root, the difference between the root and the approximation is squared (the number of accurate digits roughly doubles) at each step. However, there are some difficulties ...

  6. Exponentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation

    From top to bottom: x 1/8, x 1/4, x 1/2, x 1, x 2, x 4, x 8. If x is a nonnegative real number, and n is a positive integer, / or denotes the unique nonnegative real n th root of x, that is, the unique nonnegative real number y such that =.

  7. Blood type distribution by country - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type_distribution_by...

    This list concerns blood type distribution between countries and regions.Blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).

  8. Fibonacci sequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence

    For example, out of the 16 binary strings of length 4, there are 2F 4 = 6 without an even number of consecutive 0 s or 1 s—they are 0001, 0111, 0101, 1000, 1010, 1110. There is an equivalent statement about subsets.

  9. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    In probability theory and statistics, a normal distribution or Gaussian distribution is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable.The general form of its probability density function is [2] [3] = ().