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  2. Ring expansion and contraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_expansion_and_contraction

    Ring expansion and ring contraction reactions expand or contract rings, usually in organic chemistry. The term usually refers to reactions involve making and breaking C-C bonds, [1] Diverse mechanisms lead to these kinds of reactions. The bond migration step of the pinacol type rearrangement

  3. List of unsolved problems in chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    This is a list of unsolved problems in chemistry. Problems in chemistry are considered unsolved when an expert in the field considers it unsolved or when several experts in the field disagree about a solution to a problem.

  4. Organic reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_reaction

    Organic chemistry has a strong tradition of naming a specific reaction to its inventor or inventors and a long list of so-called named reactions exists, conservatively estimated at 1000. A very old named reaction is the Claisen rearrangement (1912) and a recent named reaction is the Bingel reaction (1993).

  5. Cross-coupling reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-coupling_reaction

    Mechanism proposed for Kumada coupling (L = Ligand, Ar = Aryl). In such cases, the mechanism generally involves reductive elimination of R-R' from L n MR(R') (L = spectator ligand). This intermediate L n MR(R') is formed in a two step process from a low valence precursor L n M. The oxidative addition of an organic halide (RX) to L n M gives L n ...

  6. Reaction mechanism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_mechanism

    In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical reaction occurs. [1] A chemical mechanism is a theoretical conjecture that tries to describe in detail what takes place at each stage of an overall chemical reaction. The detailed steps of a reaction are not observable in most cases.

  7. Aldol reactions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldol_reactions

    The usual electrophile is an aldehyde, since ketones are much less reactive. This is the 'enolate mechanism'. Despite the attractiveness of the aldol manifold, there are several problems that need to be addressed to render the process catalytic and effective. The first problem is a thermodynamic one: most aldol reactions are reversible.

  8. Solvent effects - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_effects

    The determining factor when both S N 2 and S N 1 reaction mechanisms are viable is the strength of the Nucleophile. Nuclephilicity and basicity are linked and the more nucleophilic a molecule becomes the greater said nucleophile's basicity. This increase in basicity causes problems for S N 2 reaction mechanisms when the solvent of choice is protic.

  9. Reactions of organocopper reagents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_of_organocopper...

    Conjugate addition of organocuprates is widely used in organic synthesis. Vinyl ether cuprates serve as convenient acyl anion equivalents in conjugate addition reactions to enones. The resulting enol ethers can be hydrolyzed to 1,4-diketones, which are difficult to access using conventional carbonyl chemistry. [21] (11)

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