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Andreev reflection, named after the Russian physicist Alexander F. Andreev, is a type of particle scattering which occurs at interfaces between a superconductor (S) and a normal state material (N). It is a charge-transfer process by which normal current in N is converted to supercurrent in S.
Diagram of Andreev reflection. An electron meeting the interface between a normal conductor and a superconductor produces a Cooper pair in the superconductor and a retroreflected electron hole in the normal conductor. Legend: "N" = normal conductor, "S" = superconductor, red = electron, green = hole. Arrows indicate the spin band occupied by ...
Magnetic field lines, represented as arrows, are excluded from a superconductor when it is below its critical temperature. In condensed-matter physics , the Meissner effect (or Meißner–Ochsenfeld effect ) is the expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor during its transition to the superconducting state when it is cooled below the ...
The table below shows some of the parameters of common superconductors.X:Y means material X doped with element Y, T C is the highest reported transition temperature in kelvins and H C is a critical magnetic field in tesla.
Josephson junction array chip developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology as a standard volt. In physics, the Josephson effect is a phenomenon that occurs when two superconductors are placed in proximity, with some barrier or restriction between them.
Calculated magnetization curve for a superconducting slab, based on Bean's model. The superconducting slab is initially at H = 0. Increasing H to critical field H* causes the blue curve; dropping H back to 0 and reversing direction to increase it to -H* causes the green curve; dropping H back to 0 again and increase H to H* causes the orange curve.
Alexander Fyodorovich Andreev (Russian: Александр Фёдорович Андреев, 10 December 1939 – 14 March 2023) [1] was a Russian theoretical physicist best known for explaining the eponymous Andreev reflection. [2] Andreev was educated at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, starting in 1959 and graduating ahead of ...
Phase diagram (B, T) of a type I superconductor : if B < B c, the medium is superconducting. T c is the critical temperature of a superconductor when there is no magnetic field. The interior of a bulk superconductor cannot be penetrated by a weak magnetic field, a phenomenon known as the Meissner effect. When the applied magnetic field becomes ...