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  2. Microorganism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism

    Koch found that he could transmit anthrax from one animal to another by taking a small sample of blood from the infected animal and injecting it into a healthy one, and this caused the healthy animal to become sick. He also found that he could grow the bacteria in a nutrient broth, then inject it into a healthy animal, and cause illness.

  3. Bacteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

    Most of the bacteria in and on the body are harmless or rendered so by the protective effects of the immune system, and many are beneficial, [4] particularly the ones in the gut. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, tuberculosis, tetanus and bubonic plague.

  4. Pathogenic bacteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria

    Once pathogens attach to host cells, they can cause direct damage as the pathogens use the host cell for nutrients and produce waste products. [23] For example, Streptococcus mutans, a component of dental plaque, metabolizes dietary sugar and produces acid as a waste product. The acid decalcifies the tooth surface to cause dental caries. [24]

  5. Hypersensitive response - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitive_response

    Both plants and animals have NLR proteins which seem to have the same biological function – to induce cell death. The N-termini of plant and animal NLRs vary but it seems that both have LRR domains at the C-terminus. [34] A big difference between animal and plant NLRs is in what they recognise. Animal NLRs mainly recognise pathogen-associated ...

  6. Cell damage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_damage

    DNA damage: In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as ultraviolet light and other radiations can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as one million individual molecular lesions per cell per day. [5] Membrane damage: Damage to the cell membrane disturbs the state of cell electrolytes, e.g. calcium ...

  7. Virulence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence

    Virulence is a pathogen's or microorganism's ability to cause damage to a host. In most cases, especially in animal systems, virulence refers to the degree of damage caused by a microbe to its host. [1] The pathogenicity of an organism—its ability to cause disease—is determined by its virulence factors.

  8. Pathogen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen

    Plants can play host to a wide range of pathogen types, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and even other plants. [35] Notable plant viruses include the papaya ringspot virus , which has caused millions of dollars of damage to farmers in Hawaii and Southeast Asia, [ 36 ] and the tobacco mosaic virus which caused scientist Martinus ...

  9. Microbial toxin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_toxin

    Clostridial toxins have the ability to damage or alter the cell membrane damaging the extracellular matrix of the organism. Toxin A and toxin B are two toxins produced by Clostridioides difficile . Toxin A and toxin B are glycosyltransferases that cause the antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis and severe diarrhea that characterize ...

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