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The pressure vessels can be either fired or unfired. [17] The pressure may be from external sources, or by the application of heating from an indirect or direct source as a result of a process, or any combination of the two. [18] The rules contained in this section can be used as an alternative to the minimum requirements specified in Division 1.
The ASME definition of a pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure. [2]The Australian and New Zealand standard "AS/NZS 1200:2000 Pressure equipment" defines a pressure vessel as a vessel subject to internal or external pressure, including connected components and accessories up to the connection to external ...
The use of high-technology (such as electronic engine control units) in advanced designs resulting from substantial investments in development research by European countries and Japan seemed to give an advantage to them over Chinese automakers and parts suppliers who, as of 2013, had low development budgets and lacked capacity to produce parts for high-tech engine and power train designs.
Stanley steam-car boiler: an extremely compact vertical multitubular fire-tube boiler, used in the Stanley steam car. Steam generator: modern boilers, with very small volume in relation to their heating area. Boiling is thus almost instantaneous and the volume of heated, but unboiled, water is minimal. [56]
Electric motor can start the engine with vehicle in gear making take-off with stalled combustion engine smooth and instantaneous. [10] 48V starter-generator can also be mounted differently and be uncoupled from combustion engine by transmission or clutch. This might allow 48V electric motor move the vehicle without starting combustion engine.
Typical airflow in a four-stroke engine: In stroke #1, the pistons suck in (aspirate) air to the combustion chamber through the opened inlet valve.. A naturally aspirated engine, also known as a normally aspirated engine, and abbreviated to N/A or NA, is an internal combustion engine in which air intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and does not have forced induction through a ...
Two types of GDI are used in two-strokes: low-pressure air-assisted, and high-pressure. The low-pressure systems—as used on the 1992 Aprilia SR50 motor scooter—uses a crankshaft-driven air compressor to inject air into the cylinder head. A low-pressure injector then sprays fuel into the combustion chamber, where it vaporizes as it mixes ...
The tanks must be designed to safety standards appropriate for a pressure vessel, such as ISO 11439. [6]The pressure vessels or air storage tanks that can be used in compressed-air vehicles can be made of low pressure (9 atm (130 psi)) or high pressure (more than 240 atm (3,500 psi)), and can be made of composite materials like thermoplastic and fiber reinforced thermoplastics, [7] [8] that ...