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Other I-beams include American Standard (designated S) shapes, in which inner flange surfaces are not parallel, and H-piles (designated HP), which are typically used as pile foundations. Wide-flange shapes are available in grade ASTM A992, [ 5 ] which has generally replaced the older ASTM grades A572 and A36.
A set of Euronorms define the shape of a set of standard structural profiles: European I-beam: IPE – Euronorm 19-57; European I-beam: IPN – DIN 1025-1; European flange beams: HE – Euronorm 53-62; European channels: UPN – DIN 1026-1; European cold formed IS IS 800-1
Bonnet roof: A reversed gambrel or Mansard roof with the lower portion at a lower pitch than the upper portion. Monitor roof: A roof with a monitor; 'a raised structure running part or all of the way along the ridge of a double-pitched roof, with its own roof running parallel with the main roof.' Butterfly roof (V-roof, [8] London roof [9]): A ...
Steel piles are either pipe piles or some sort of beam section (like an H-pile). Historically, wood piles used splices to join multiple segments end-to-end when the driven depth required was too long for a single pile; today, splicing is common with steel piles, though concrete piles can be spliced with mechanical and other means.
Roof pitch is the steepness of a roof expressed as a ratio of inch(es) rise per horizontal foot (or their metric equivalent), or as the angle in degrees its surface deviates from the horizontal. A flat roof has a pitch of zero in either instance; all other roofs are pitched .
A warm roof is a roof that is not ventilated, [9] where the insulation is placed in line with the roof pitch. [10] A hot roof is a roof designed not to have any ventilation and has enough air-impermeable insulation in contact with the sheathing to prevent condensation [11] such as when spray foam insulation is applied directly to the under-side ...
The pile shaft transfers a structure's load into the pile. Helical steel plates are welded to the pile shaft to suit the site specific ground conditions. Helices can be press-formed to a specified pitch or simply consist of flat plates welded at a specified pitch to the pile's shaft.
The structural channel is not used as much in construction as symmetrical beams, in part because its bending axis is not centered on the width of the flanges. If a load is applied equally across its top, the beam will tend to twist away from the web. This may not be a weak point or problem for a particular design, but is a factor to be ...