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Most commonly emphysema refers to the permanent enlargement of air spaces in the lungs, [5] [6] and is also known as pulmonary emphysema. Emphysema is a lower respiratory tract disease, [ 7 ] characterised by enlarged air-filled spaces in the lungs , that can vary in size and may be very large.
Many patients eventually require oxygen supplementation at home. In severe cases that are difficult to control, chronic treatment with oral corticosteroids may be necessary, although this is fraught with significant side effects. COPD is generally irreversible although lung function can partially recover if the patient stops smoking.
Bronchiectasis without CF is known as non-CF bronchiectasis. Historically, about half of all case of non-CF bronchiectasis were found to be idiopathic, or without a known cause. [25] However, more recent studies with a more thorough diagnostic work-up have found an etiology in 60 to 90% of patients. [24] [26] [27]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...
For children younger than 15 years old, nasopharyngel catheters or nasal prongs are recommended over a face mask or head box. [25] A Cochrane review in 2014 presented a summary to identify children complaining of severe LRTI, however; further research is required to determine the effectiveness of supplemental oxygen and the best delivery method.
Diagnosis of a lung cavity is made with a chest X-ray or CT scan of the chest, [2] which helps to exclude mimics like lung cysts, emphysema, bullae, and cystic bronchiectasis. [5] Once an imaging diagnosis has been made, a person’s symptoms can be used to further narrow the differential diagnosis.
"Under Blue Cross Blue Shield's rules, pediatricians lose the whole bonus unless at least 63% of patients are fully vaccinated, and that includes the flu vaccine. So it's not just $400 on your ...
Its use may result in undertreatment, as treatments for asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or pneumonia may not be prescribed under a label of reactive airway disease. [1] Alternatively, overtreatment may occur, as patients can be prescribed inhaled beta-agonists or inhaled corticosteroids, which are