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The antidotes for ethylene glycol poisoning are ethanol and fomepizole. This antidotal treatment forms the mainstay of management of ethylene glycol poisoning. The toxicity of ethylene glycol comes from its metabolism to glycolic acid and oxalic acid. The goal of pharmacotherapy is to prevent the formation of these metabolites.
Propylene glycol and glycerin are oxidized to create aldehydes that are also found in cigarette smoke when e-liquids are heated and aerosolized at a voltage higher than 3 V. [1] Depending on the heating temperature, the carcinogens in the e-cigarette aerosol may surpass the levels of cigarette smoke. [17]
Adverse effects are mostly associated with short-term use and the reported adverse effects decreased over time. [86] Dryness of the mouth and throat is believed to stem from the ability of both propylene glycol and glycerin to absorb water. [87]: Humectants (Delivery Solvents), 157
Side effects of alcohols applied to the skin include skin irritation. [2] Care should be taken with electrocautery, as ethanol is flammable. [1] Types of alcohol used include ethanol, denatured ethanol, 1-propanol, and isopropyl alcohol. [6] [7] Alcohols are effective against a range of microorganisms, though they do not inactivate spores. [7]
Ethanol may be administered as an antidote to ethylene glycol poisoning [38] and methanol poisoning. [39] It does so by acting as a competitive inhibitor against methanol and ethylene glycol for alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). [40] Though it has more side effects, ethanol is less expensive and more readily available than fomepizole in the role. [41]
Ethanol is less acutely toxic. [27] All alcohols are mild skin irritants. [25] Methanol and ethylene glycol are more toxic than other simple alcohols. Their metabolism is affected by the presence of ethanol, which has a higher affinity for liver alcohol dehydrogenase. In this way, methanol will be excreted intact in urine. [28] [29] [30]
Purvi Parikh, M.D., an allergist with Allergy & Asthma Network, recommends blowing one nostril at a time by putting a finger or pressure on one side of your nose, closing that nostril, and blowing ...
Fomepizole, also known as 4-methylpyrazole, is a medication used to treat methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning. [4] It may be used alone or together with hemodialysis. [4] It is given by injection into a vein. [4] Common side effects include headache, nausea, sleepiness, and unsteadiness. [4] It is unclear if use during pregnancy causes risk ...