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Examples of pulse shapes: (a) rectangular pulse, (b) cosine squared (raised cosine) pulse, (c) Dirac pulse, (d) sinc pulse, (e) Gaussian pulse. A pulse in signal processing is a rapid, transient change in the amplitude of a signal from a baseline value to a higher or lower value, followed by a rapid return to the baseline value. [1]
In these systems, the symbol rate of the physically transmitted high-frequency signal rate is called chip rate, which also is the pulse rate of the equivalent base band signal. However, in spread spectrum systems, the term symbol may also be used at a higher layer and refer to one information bit, or a block of information bits that are ...
Signal transmission using electronic signal processing. Transducers convert signals from other physical waveforms to electric current or voltage waveforms, which then are processed, transmitted as electromagnetic waves , received and converted by another transducer to final form.
Examples of ternary signals are (a) a pulse that can have a positive, zero, or negative voltage value at any given instant (PAM-3), (b) a sine wave that can assume phases of 0°, 120°, or 240° relative to a clock pulse (3-PSK), and (c) a carrier signal that can assume any one of three different frequencies depending on three different ...
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), also known as pulse-duration modulation (PDM) or pulse-length modulation (PLM), [1] is any method of representing a signal as a rectangular wave with a varying duty cycle (and for some methods also a varying period). PWM is useful for controlling the average power or amplitude delivered by an electrical signal.
Pulse-density modulation, or PDM, is a form of modulation used to represent an analog signal with a binary signal.In a PDM signal, specific amplitude values are not encoded into codewords of pulses of different weight as they would be in pulse-code modulation (PCM); rather, the relative density of the pulses corresponds to the analog signal's amplitude.
() is the peak message signal level is the mean message signal level. As SQNR applies to quantized signals, the formulae for SQNR refer to discrete-time digital signals. Instead of (), the digitized signal () will be used.
This theoretical signal is then filtered with the pulse shaping filter, producing the transmitted signal. If the pulse shaping filter is a rectangular in the time domain (like this is usually done when drawing it), this would lead to an unlimited spectrum. In many base band communication systems the pulse shaping filter is implicitly a boxcar ...